Skip to main content

Full text of "The British Tunicata; an unfinished monograph"

See other formats 


THE 


RAY    SOCIETY. 


INSTITUTED   MDCCCXLIV. 


This  volume  is  issued  to  the  Subscribers  to  the  BAY  SOCIETY  for 

the  Year  1906. 


LONDON: 
MDCCCCVII. 


-,  i- 

THE 


BEITISH    TUNICATA 


AN    UNFINISHED    MONOGRAPH 


BY   THE   LATE 

JOSHUA   ALDER 

AND   THE   LATE 

ALBANY  HANCOCK,  F.L.S. 


EDITED    BY 

JOHN  HOPKINSON,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  ETC. 

Secretary  of  the  Ray  Society 


VOLUME   II 


WITH   LIVES   OF   THE    AUTHORS 
BY 

CANON  A.  M.  NOEMAN,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

AND    THE    LATE 

DENNIS  EMBLETON,  M.D. 


LONDON 
PRINTED   FOR   THE   RAY   SOCIETY 

1907 


PRINTED    BY    ADLARD    AND    SON 
LONDON    AND    DORKING. 


CONTENTS    OF    VOL.    II. 


PAGE 

LIFE    OF    JOSHUA   ALDER.     BY   THE   REV.   CANON  NOEMAN, 

M.A.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  &c.    .  .  .       xi 

LIFE  OF  ALBANY  HANCOCK.    BY  DR.  D.  EMBLETON     .  .    xvii 

ADDENDUM.    BY  CANON  NORMAN  .....  xxvii 
CLASS  TUNICATA. 
ORDER  1.     SACCOBRANCHIATA. 
TRIBE  1.     SOLITARY. 

FAMILY  1.    ASCIDIAD^E  (continued). 

GENUS  2.     CIONA         .  .  .  .  .1 

„       3.     CORELLA    .  .  .  .  .18 

FAMILY  2.     MOLGULID.E     .  .  .  .  .34 

GENUS  4.    MOLGULA    .  .  .  .  .35 

„       5.    EUGYRA      .  .  .  .  .65 

FAMILY  3.     CYNTHIADJE     .  .  .  .  .75 

GENUS  6.     CYNTHIA    .  .  .  .  .75 

7.     STYELA       '.  .  .  .97 

„       8.     STYELOPSIS  ....    128 

9.    THYLACIUM  .  .  .  .135 

„     10.    PELONAIA  .  .  .  .  .139 

FAMILY  4.    CLAVELINID^;  .....    147 

GENUS  11.     CLAVELINA          ....     148 

„       12.    PEROPHORA         ....    155 

13.    DIAZONA  .  .  .  .  .159 

INDEX  OF  SPECIES,  ETC..  DESCRIBED  .    163 


39645 


NOTE    ON   THE    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


ALL  the  plates  in  this  volume  (except  the  frontispiece)  are 
photographic  reproductions  of  original  drawings  by  the 
authors— Plates  XXV,  XXVIII,  XXXII,  and  L,  by  collotype, 
and  all  the  rest  by  the  half-tone  process. 

Plates  XXI,  XXA^L  XXX,  XXXIV,  XXXVII,  XXXVIII, 
XL,  and  XLIX  are  from  drawings  by  Mr.  Alder,  and  the 
figures  are  of  the  same  size  as  drawn  by  him;  the  rest  are 
from  drawings  by  Mr.  Hancock,  and  the  figures  are  reduced 
in  size,  mostly  to  about  one-half. 

The  figures  in  the  text,  with  the  exceptions  of  figs.  25-27, 
48,  49,  and  82-84,  are  reproduced  by  the  half-tone  process 
from  drawings  by  Mr.  Hancock,  and  nearly  all  are  reduced 
in  size.  The  figures  excepted  are  photographic  reproductions 
of  published  figures,  25  and  27  being  reduced  in  size  from 
the  originals. 

The  Editor  has  arranged  the  figures  and  treated  them  in 
the  same  way  as  in  Vol.  I.  He  regrets  that  it  has  not 
been  found  possible  to  identify  all  Mr.  Alder's  figures,  owing 
to  the  absence  of  descriptions  of  his  completed  plates. 


JOHN  HOPKINSON. 


WEETWOOD,  WATFORD, 

30th  November,  1906. 


LIST    OF    THE    PLATES. 


PLATE 

Portrait  of  Mr.  Albany  Hancock,  from  a  photo- 
graph taken  by  Sir  Joseph  W.  Swan,  F.R.S., 
and  reproduced  by  his  permission  Frontispiece 

XXI. — Figs.    1—5. — dona   intestinalis.     Figs.   6-8. — C. 

pulchella.     Fig.  9. — Gorella  parallelogramma. 
XXII. — Figs.  1-8. — Ciona  fascicularis.     Fig.  9. — Gorella 
larvaeformis.     Figs.  10,  11. — C.  ovata. 

XXIII. — Molgula  conchilega  :   details. 

XXIV.— Figs.  1-6.— Molgula  complanata.     Figs.  7-10.- 
M.  oculata. 

XXV. — Fig.  1. — Molgula  vah-ata.  Figs.  2,  3. — M.  sim- 
plex. Figs.  4-6. — M.  siphonata. 

XXVI. — Figs.    1-4. — Molgula   siplionata.       Figs.    5-9.- 
M.  citrina.     Figs.  10—12. — Eugyra  arenosa. 

XXVII.— Figs.   1,   2.— Molgula  socialis.      Figs.   3-5.—  M. 
inconspicua.     Figs.  6-8. — M.  citrina. 

XXVIII.— Figs.   1,   2,— Molgula  socialis.      Figs.    3-5.— If. 
citrina. 

XXIX. — Figs.    1,  2. — Eugyra    arenosa.       Figs.    5-7. — E. 
globosa. 

XXX. — Figs.  1,  2. — Cynthia  claudicans.  Fig.  3. — C. 
squamulosa.  Figs.  4,  5. — C.  ovata.  Figs.  6, 
7. — C.  morns.  Figs.  8,  9. — C.  tessellata.  Fig. 
10. — C.  echinata. 

XXXI. — Figs.  1,  2. — Cynthia  rosea.    Figs.  3-5. — C.  claudi- 
cans.    Figs.  6-8. — C.  squamidosa. 

XXXII. — Figs.   1,  2. — Cynthia  squamulosa.     Figs.  3-5.— 
C.  ovata.     Figs.  6,  7. — G.  tessellata.     Fig.  8. — 
C.  echinata. 

XXXIII. — Fig.    1. — Cynthia  ovata.     Figs.  2-5. — C.  morus. 
Figs.  6,  7.— C.  tessellata. 

XXXIV. — Figs.    1-5. — Styela    tuberosa.       Fig-.    6. — 8.    in- 
formis.     Figs.  7,  8. — S.  'mamillaris. 

XXXV. — Fig.  1. — Styela  tuberosa.    Fig.  2. — S.  mamillaris. 


viii  LIST    OF    THE    PLATES. 

PLATE 

XXXVI.— Figs.  1-7. — Styela  tuberosa.     Figs.  8,  9.— 8.  in- 

formis. 

XXXVII. — Figs.  1-4. — Styela  coriacea.   Fig.  5. — S.pomaria. 
Figs.  6,  7. — 8.  sulcatula.    Figs.  8,  9. — S.  granu- 
lata.    Figs.  10-12. — 8.  variabilis.     Fig.  13.— 
(?)  8.  obscura.     Fig.  14 — 8.  comata.     Fig.  15. 
-8.  vestita.     Figs.  16,  17. — 8.  violacea.     Fig. 
IS.— 8.  fibrillata. 
XXXVIII.— Styela  fibrillata. 

XXXIX.— Fig.  1.— A  8tyela   (undescribed).     Figs.  2,  3.- 
8.  coriacea.     Fig.  4.—$.  pom  aria.     Figs.  5,  6. 
-8.  granulata.     Fig.  7. — 8.  humilis.     Fig.  8. 
—8.  comata.     Fig.   9. — S.  vestita.     Figs.   10- 
12. — 8.    violacea.     Figs.    13-16. — 8.  depressa. 
Fig.  17.- — 8.  •northumbrica. 

XL. — Accessories,  etc.,  of  Molgulasiphonata  (figs.  1-3), 
II.  citrina  (fig.  4),  Eugyra  arenosa  (fig.  5), 
Cynthia  claudicans  (fig.  6),  C.  squamulosa  (fig. 
7),  C.  morus  (fig.  8),  Styela  fibrillata  (fig.  9). 

XLI. — Figs.   1-3. — Styela  mamillaris.     Figs.  4,  5. — 8. 

coriacea. 
XLIL— Figs.     1-7.— Styela     pom-aria.       Figs.    8,    9.— 

8.  sulcatula.     Figs.  10,  11. — S.  granulata. 
XLIII. — Fig.  1. — Styela  variabilis.    Figs.  2,  3. — S.  comata. 

Figs.  4,  5. — 8.  vestita. 
XLIV.— Figs.    1-3.—  Styela  fibrillata.      Figs.    4,   5.— 8. 

depressa.     Fig.  6. — S.  northumbrica. 
XLV. — Figs.  1,  (?)  2. — Styelopsis  glomerata.     Figs.  3-5. 

-Thylacium  Normani. 

XL VI. — Figs.  1-4. — Styelo2>sis  grossularia.  Fig.  5. — 8. 
glomerata.  Figs.  6-8. — Thylacium  aggre- 
gatum.  Figs.  9-11. — T.  Sylvani.  Figs.  12- 
14. — T.  variolosum.  Figs.  15,  16. — Pelonaia 
corrugata. 

XLVII. — Pelonaia  corrugata  :  details. 

XLVII.L— The  branchial  tubercle  in  Molgula  (figs.  1-3), 
Cynthia  (figs.  4-8),  Styela  (figs.  9-17),  Pelonaia 
(fig.  18). 
XLIX. — Figs.  1,  2. — Clavelina  lepadiformis.     Fig.  3. — C. 

corrugata.     Figs.  4-6. — Diazona  violacea. 
L. — Clavelina  lepadiformis  :   details. 


ILLUSTRATIONS    IN    THE    TEXT. 


PIGS.  PAGE 

25. — Tethyum  fasciculatum  Bohadsch  .  .  6 
26. — T.  sociabile  Gunner  ....  7 

27. — Holothurium  Iseve  Vandelli          .              .  .8 

28. — dona  intestinalis  :  mantle          .              .  .13 

29. — C.  fascicularis  :  tentacular  filaments  .  .  16 
30. — Corella  parallelogram-ma  :  part  of  branchial  sac  20 

31. —      „                      ,,                   biliary  ducts  .       22 

32—  »  „  „  „  23 
33. —  „  })  reproductive  organs  24 

34.—  „  „  male  vesicle  .  25 

35. — C.  ovata  :  part  of  branchial  sac  .  .  33 
36. — Molgula  concJiilega  :  part  of  branchial  sac  .  43 

37. — M.  complanata  :  part  of  branchial  sac  .  .  46 

38,  39. — M.  valvata  :  test,  two  views  .  .  .50 

40. — If.  simplex  :  part  of  branchial  sac  .  .  52 

41. —  „  ,,  tentacular  filament  .  .  52 

42. — M.  siphonata :  test  .  .  .  .54 

43. —  „  )}  reproductive  organs  .  .  56 

44. — M.  socialis  :  part  of  branchial  sac  .  .  57 

45. — M.  inconspicua  :  pai-t  of  branchial  sac  .  .  60 

46. — M.  citrina  :  reproductive  organs  .  .  63 

47. —  ,,  ,,  testicles  .  .  .  .64 

48,  49. — Eugyra  arenosa  :  parts  of  branchial  sac  .  67 

50. — Cynthia  rosea  :  mantle  .  .  .  .77 

51. — C.  claudicans  :  liver  .  .  .  .80 

52. — C.  squamulosa  :  „  .  .  .  .80 

53. —  „  )}  tentacular  filament  .  .  83 

54. — C.  ovata  :  mantle  .  .  .  .85 

55.—  „  „  liver  88 


X  ILLUSTRATIONS    IN    THE    TEXT. 

FIGS.  PAGE 

56. — C.  morns  :  liver  .  .  .  .  .88 

57. — C.  tesseUata  :  oral  tentacles        .  .  .91 

58. —  „  „  tentacular  filament  .  .        91 

59. — C.  echinata  :  ,,  ,,  .  .95 

60. — Styela  tuberosa  :  reproductive  organs    .  .      101 

61.—       „  „  ovaries  .  .  .      102 

62.  —8.  informis  :  tentacular  filaments  and  branchial 

tubercle  .  .  .  .  .105 

63. — 8.  opalina  :  test.  ....     109 

64. — 8.  pomaria  :   anal  aperture         .  .  .112 

65. — 8.  granulata  :   „  „  .  .  .112 

66. — ,,  „  digestive  and  reproductive  organs     116 

67. — 8.  oljscura  :   tentacular  filaments  .  .119 

68. —  „         „          digestive  organs      .  .  .119 

69. —  „         „          anal  aperture  .  .  .     119 

70. — 8.  comata  :  ovary  .  .  .  .121 

71. —  „         „         anal  aperture  .  .  .121 

72.— 8.  vestita        „  „  .  .  .121 

73. —  „       „       test      .....     122 
74. — ,,       „       tentacular  filaments    .  .  .     123 

75,76. —  „        „       o vary ,  two  views          .  .  .     124 

77. — 8.  fibrillata  :    ovai'ies     ....     126 
78. —  „  „  anal  aperture      .  .  .     126 

79. — 8.  northumbrica    .,  ,,..',      126 

80. —  „  ,,  reproductive  organs     .  .      127 

81. — Pulonaia  corrugata  :   part  of  branchial  sac          .      141 
82.-         „  „  test  .  .  .147 

83.— P.  glnbra  :  test  .  .  .  .  .147 

84. —  „        „         anatomy        ....     147 

85^  86. — -Perophora  Lister i :  test,  two  views         .  .156 

87.—AMolyula  .  .  .  .  .162 


LIFE    OF    JOSHUA    ALDER. 


JOSHUA  ALDEK  was  born  at  Easter  Eve,  1792,  in  Dean  Street, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  where  liis  father  was  in  business  as  a 
provision  merchant.  At  an  early  age  he  was  sent  to  a  school 
which  was  kept  by  two  ladies  in  that  town;  and  later  was 
educated  under  his  relative,  the  Eev.  Joseph  Simpson,  at 
Tanfield  School,  where  he  was  taught  the  rudiments  of  classics 
and  mathematics. 

"  He  appears  to  have  been  a  lad  of  observation,  vivacity, 
and  humour.  He  was  fond  of  sketching  portraits  and  cari- 
catures on  the  kitchen  walls  with  a  burnt  stick,  and  of  holding- 
boyish  dramatic  performances  with  puppets,  which  he  manu- 
factured chiefly  himself,  and  for  which  he  pronounced  the 
speeches,  and  thus,  amid  family  gatherings  of  old  and  young, 
many  a  pleasant  and  joyous  evening  was  spent.  In  the 
prosecution  of  these  juvenile  amusements  we  may  observe  the 
early  evidence  of  his  genial  disposition,  and  the  germs  of 
those  powers  of  observation  and  delineation  which  gradually 
grew  up  and  developed  themselves  into  talents  of  no  mean 
order."  * 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  Joshua  Alder  finally  left  school ;  and 
within  a  year  his  father  died  (November,  1808)  and  he  at 
once  commenced  to  assist  his  widowed  mother  in  the  business. 
[t  would  not  have  been  in  accordance  with  his  character 
if  he  had  not  done  everything  that  he  should  have  done  in 
the  matter  of  this  business  in  the  years  which  followed.  But 
truly  for  business  and  money-making  he  had  little  taste  :  and 
in  1840,  when  48  years  of  age,  he  retired  into  private  life, 
and  from  that  day  living  in  quiet  happiness  with  his 
devotedly  attached  sister,  Miss  Alder,  he  gave  his  time 
wholly  to  his  favourite  studies  in  Zoology. 

*From  "Notice  of  the  Life  of  the  late  Joshua  Alder,  Esq.,  by  D. 
Embleton,  M.  D."  ('  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumberland  and  Durham,'  Vol.  I, 
1867,  p.  324  )  I  am  indebted  to  this  memoir  for  information  respecting  Mr. 
Alder's  early  life ;  and  passages  which  follow  within  inverted  commas  are 
from  Dr.  Embleton. 


Xll  LIFE    OF    JOSHUA   ALDEE, 

For  it  was  at  an  early  age  that  lie  had  acquired  an  ardent 
love  of  Natural  History.  After  leaving-  school  he  attended 
lectures,  as  a  member  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 
of  Newcastle,  on  chemistry,  electricity,  and  other  branches  of 
Physical  Science.  Moreover,  the  association  with  scientific 
men  who  became  to  him  friends  and  companions  shortly 
afterwards,  could  scarcely  have  failed  to  give  a  scientific  bias 
to  his  mind.  Among  these  associates  were  Thomas  Bewick 
the  famous  wood-engraver,  William  Hutton  the  Palaeontolo- 
gist who  made  the  famous  'Hutton  Collection  of  -Carboni- 
ferous Plants/  and  George  Burnett,  who  was  a  good 
Mineralogist. 

It  was  not  long  before  Alder  began  to  take  Natural  History 
rambles  in  various  directions  around  Newcastle  in  com- 
pany with  Thomas  Hancock,  a  brother  of  Albany;  W. 
Robertson,  Botanist ;  and  George  Burnett,  Mineralogist.  In 
these  excursions  mineralogical  and  botanical  specimens  were 
collected.  These  short  expeditions  were  soon  extended  in  the 
summer  months  into  longer  pedestrian  tours  through  the 
lake  and  mountain  districts  of  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and 
the  Scottish  Lowlands.  Now  it  was  that  there  was  added  the 
collecting  of  land  and  freshwater  shells  to  his  earlier  pursuits, 
and,  finding  great  pleasure  in  hunting  for  them,  he  soon 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  their  study,  which  he  subse- 
quently extended  to  the  entire  molluscan  fauna  of  our 
islands. 

"  About  the  year  1829  certain  scientific  men,  among  whom 
were  Joshua  Alder,  William  Hutton,  Thomas,  John,  and 
Albany  Hancock,  Wrilliam  Hewetson  (Ornithologist  and 
Lepidopterist),  George  Wailes  (Entomologist  and  Stained  Glass 
Manufacturer,  an  art  which  1  believe  he  was  the  first  to 
revive),  and  the  Rev.  George  Abbs  (general  Naturalist),  con- 
ceived the  idea  that  it  would  be  at  once  pleasurable,  profitable, 
and  advantageous  in  all  ways  if  they  should  meet  together 
frequently,  for  the  purpose  of  conversation  and  discussion  on 
the  several  branches  of  Natural  History  to  the  study  of  which 
they  were  devoting  their  time.  To  this  end  they  instituted 
'  Wednesday  Evening  Meetings,'  for  such  was  the  designation 
by  which  these  friendly  gatherings  were  known.  They  were 
held  fortnightly  at  seven  o'clock  in  the  houses  of  the  members 
in  turn.  All  unnecessary  expense  was  avoided,  only  a  simple 
plain  tea  was  given  by  the  host,  while  two  things  were 
distinctly  forbidden — discussion  on  political  topics  and  the 
use  of  alcohol.  Any  discovery  made  by  a  member  since  the 
preceding  meeting  was  communicated ;  specimens  of  interest 


LIFE    OF    JOSHUA    ALDER.  Xlll 

were  exhibited,  and  conversation  was  for  the  most  part  con- 
fined to  scientific  subjects;  and  the  meeting  broke  up  about 
midnight.  Naturalists  who  resided  in  neighbouring  places, 
or  who  were  passing  through  Newcastle,,  were  frequently 
invited  as  guests ;  and  as  such  a  guest  I  was,  when  a  young- 
man,  once  present  and  enjoyed  a  delightful  evening." 

A  spirit  of  enthusiasm  was  naturally  engendered  by  these 
meetings,  as  the  members  were  continually  acquiring  know- 
ledge and  a  more  extended  range  of  interest  from  companion- 
ship with  those  who  were  pursuing  different  paths  through 
the  fields  of  Natural  Science.  It  cannot  be  wondered,  there- 
fore, that  during  the  thirty  following  years  in-  which  the 
'  Wednesday  Evening  Meetings'  were  held,  and  long  after- 
wards, Newcastle  was  famous  for  that  band  of  scientific 
citizens  which  was  unequalled  in  any  other  provincial  town. 

In  1829  Alder  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  Northumberland  and  Durham,  and  he 
took  a  keen  and  active  interest  in  the  formation  of  its  valuable 
Museum  and  acted  as  one  of  its  Honorary  Curators. 

In  1831  there  was  published  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
'  Transactions  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Northumber- 
land and  Durham'  (Vol.  I,  pp.  26-41)  Alder's  first  paper  on 
Mollnsca,  "A  Catalogue  of  Land  and  Freshwater  Testaceous 
Mollusca  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,"  to 
which  a  Supplement  was  added  six  years  later  (Vol.  II, 
pp.  337-342).  A  French  translation  of  the  former  was  pub- 
lished by  Ferussac  in  his  '  Bulletin  des  Sciences  Naturelles, 
(Vol.  XXVII,  p.  195).  This  catalogue  was  the  fullest  local 
list  of  inland  Mollusca  which  up  to  that  time  had  been  given. 
It  contained  77  species,  of  which  Helix  pura,  radiatula,  and 
gramdata,  Vertigo  alpestris,  Planorlils  Ifevix,  and  Pisidium 
cinereum  were  described  as  new. 

Shortly  after  this  time  Alder  turned  his  attention  to  the 
marine  Mollusca,  and  his  first  paper  in  connection  with  these 
studies  was  published  in  1841.  His  chief  collecting-ground 
was  the  southern  portion  of  the  Northumberland  coast,  more 
especially  Cullercoats,  where  the  littoral  zone  was  constantly 
explored,  and  satisfactory  use  made  of  the  rejectamenta 
brought  to  shore  in  the  boats  of  the  long-line  fishermen.  In 
the  summer  months  longer  excursions  were  taken,  when, 
always  accompanied  by  Miss  Alder,  he  visited  each  year  some 
distant  part  of  our  shores.  On  the  south-west  coast  he  stayed 
at  Torquay,  Plymouth,  Fowey,  Falmouth,  and  Ilfracombe ;  011 

*  Norman,  in  President's  Address, '  Report  of  Proceedings  of  the  Museums 
Association,'  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1895,  p.  3. 


XIV  LIFE    OF    JOSHUA    ALDEE, 

the  west  coast  at  Swansea,  Tenby,  and  Beaumaris;  on  the 
Scotch  coast  his  investigations  were  carried  on  at  Arran, 
Rotliesay,  Oban.  and  other  localities ;  and  he  also  visited 
Dublin.  He  delighted  in  tine  scenery,  and  in  addition  to  the 
Natural  History  spolia  which  he  brought  home  from  these 
expeditions,  he  always  had  numerous  sketches  in  pencil  of 
views  which  impressed  him  by  their  beauty.  "  Thus  it  was 
that,  by  undivided  attention  for  many  years  to  the  systematic 
observation  and  collection  of  the  different  animals  in  their 
natural  resorts,  and  by  careful  study  and  arrangement  of 
them  at  home,  he  was  enabled  slowly  but  surely  to  develop 
and  mature  his  talents,  and  to  amass  the  large  museum  of 
British  shells  and  zoophytes  which  was  his  pride,  and  one  of 
the  foundations  of  his  fame  as  a  Naturalist." 

In  1842  the  first  publication  on  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca 
under  the  joint  names  of  Alder  and  Hancock  appeared  in  the 
'  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History';  and  numerous 
papers  followed  in  the  same  journal  reporting  fresh  discoveries 
among  these  beautiful  Mollusca.  The  '  Monograph  of  the 
British  Nudibranchiate  Mollnsca  '  w;is  published  by  the  Ray 
Society  during  the  years  1845  to  1855.  This  very  fine  work 
at  once  raised  its  authors  into  the  first  rank  of  Naturalists."* 

In  1846  the  Tyneside  Naturalists'  Field  Club  was  founded, 
and  Joshua  Alder  was  one  of  its  original  Committee,  and  in 
1849  was  elected  its  President.  The  first  volume  of  the  Club's 
'  Transactions  '  contained  his  well-known  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Mollusca  of  Northumberland  and  Durham."  This  catalogue 
embraced  394  species,  but  amongst  them  were  30  species  of 
Tunicata,  in  the  examination  and  description  of  which  he 
was  joined  by  Albany  Hancock. 

After  the  completion  of  the  Monograph  on  the  Nudibran- 
chiate Mollusca,  Alder  began  to  publish  his  papers  on 
Zoophytes,  the  most  important  of  which  is  "  A  Catalogue  of 
the  Zoophytes  of  Northumberland  and  Durham ';  ('Trans. 
Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,'  Vol.  Ill,  1857)  and  its  Supplement 
(Vol.  V,  1863).  Under  the  term  Zoophyte  at  that  time  were 
included  not  only  the  Ccelenterata  but  also  the  Polyzoa,  to 
both  of  which  groups  the  author  added  many  new  species. 

An  account  has  already  been  given,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  first  volume  of  this  work,  of  Alder's  researches  with 
respect  to  the  Tunicata.  A  full  list  of  his  publications,  fifty- 
three  in  number,  will  be  found  by  those  who  may  wish  to 
consult  it,  at  the  end  of  his  Life  by  Dr.  Embleton. 

:  They  left  sufficient  material  for  a  Sxipplementary  Part,  which  will 
shortly  be  published  by  the  Ray  Society. 


LIFE    OF    JOSHUA   ALDER.  XV 

"  A  great  calamity,  in  which  he  had  unfortunately  many 
fellow-sufferers,  befel  him  in  1857  in  the  failure  of  the  North- 
umberland and  Durham  District  Bank.  By  this  he  lost  all 
his  property,  yet  no  one  ever  heard  him  complain  ;  no  word 
of  blame  or  anger  escaped  him.  He  knew  how  to  keep  an 
even  mind  in  adversity,  as  he  had  done  in  prosperity ;  and  he 
was  one  of  those  few  persons  who  have  not  had  the  extreme 
pain  of  being  in  adversity  forsaken  by  their  friends.  A 
numerously  and  rapidly  signed  representation,  containing  the 
names  of  all  our  celebrities  in  science,  and  of  troops  of  other 
friends,  was  made  to  the  Government,  who  ultimately  gave 
him  from  the  Civil  List  a  pension  of  £70  per  annum."  But 
material  help  came  also  from  another  quarter.  Sir  William 
(afterwards  Lord)  Armstrong  consulted  Alder's  most  intimate 
friends,  and  learnt  that  he  had  always  purposed  to  bequeath 
his  collections  and  library  to  the  Newcastle  Museum.  Sir 
William  then  approached  Alder  through  a  friend  with  the 
intimation  that  he  greatly  desired  to  be  allowed  to  purchase 
his  collections  and  library  in  order  that  they  might  be  placed 
in  the  Newcastle  Museum  after  his  death,  and  that  he  would 
be  glad  to  secure  this  by  the  payment  of  an  annuity  during 
Alder's  life.  The  annuity  offered  through  the  friend  was  a 
truly  noble  payment  for  the  collection.  It  was  a  most  kind 
act  most  delicately  done. 

Alder  carried  on  extensive  correspondence  with  brother 
Naturalists,  and  his  letters  were  always  most  beautifully 
written  and  replete  with  information  and  interest  when  his 
help  was  asked  for.  In  the  earlier  part  of  his  career  copious 
communications  passed  between  him  and  Dr.  George  Johnston, 
Edward  Forbes,  William  Thompson  of  Belfast,  Cocks  of 
Falmouth,  and  Dr.  J.  E.  Grey,  and  also  with  the  two  Goodsirs, 
Hanley,  Baird,  Yarrell,  Fleming,  and  Dr.  Carpenter  ;  also 
in  later  years  with  Allman,  Busk,  Hincks,  Strethill  Wright, 
Bowerbank,  &c.  Continental  Naturalists  who  corresponded 
with  him  included  Loveii,  M.  Sars,  P.  J.  Van  Beneden,  H. 
Milne  Edwards,  Ferussac,  Dupuy,  Phillipi,  and  Veraiiy.  He 
was  always  delighted  to  encourage  and  assist  by  any  means 
in  his  power  the  less-informed  Naturalists  who  sought  his 
help.  All  work  that  he  undertook  evinced  the  greatest  care 
and  accuracy,  while  he  possessed  a  most  discriminating  judg- 
ment in  distinguishing  species  from  varieties,  so  that  perhaps 
no  recent  author  has  described  so  many  species  among 
marine  Invertebrata  with  so  few,  if  any,  spurious  species 
amongst  them. 

It  was  my  good  fortune  to  be  able  to  pay  him  frequent 


XVI  LIFE    OF    JOSHUA    ALDER. 

visits  during  the  last  nine  years  of  his  life,  and  he  was  deeply 
endeared  to  me,  as  indeed  he  was  to  all  his  intimate  friends,  by 
the  beauty  of  his  character.  He  was  the  thorough  gentleman, 
courteous,  honourable,  and  kind ;  a  most  delightful  com- 
panion ;  so  full  of  knowledge  of  his  special  subjects  and  of 
general  information,  yet  so  modest  and  humble  withal ; 
always  bright  and  cheerful ;  a  hasty  or  unkind  word  never 
escaped  him  with  regard  to  another,  for  his  was  a  truly 
bene volent  mind. 

During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  his  hearing  partially 
failed,  and  the  likeness  which  forms  the  frontispiece  to  the 
first  volume  of  this  work  is  admirable,  and  shows  him  in  the 
position  with  hand  to  the  ear  which  he  assumed  in  conversa- 
tion. It  was  taken  by  Sir  Joseph  W.  Swan,  F.R.S. 

"  His  health,  which  had  always  been  delicate,  became 
during  the  latter  years  of  his  life  gradually  more  nud  more 
infirm.  He  was  afflicted  with  the  painful  consequences  of 
prostatic  disease,  and  within  the  last  four  or  five  years  of  his 
life  had  been  on  several  occasions  in  imminent  jeopardy  ;  but 
owing  to  his  previous  careful  living,  by  which  he  had  avoided, 
as  much  as  possible,  all  sources  of  disease,  and  husbanded  the 
resources  of  his  constitution,  to  the  skilful  surgical  treatment 
of  Dr.  Gibb,  and  to  the  devoted  and  untiring  care  of  his  sister, 
to  whom  he  was  tenderly  attached,  he  survived  to  be 
cut  off  by  an  attack  of  pleurisy,  retaining  his  mental  faculties, 
and  manifesting  his  love  of  Natural  History,  up  to  within  a 
few  hours  of  his  decease.  His  long  and  painful  trials  were 
borne  with  singular  Christian  patience,  meekness,  and 
philosophy." 

So  long  as  health  permitted  he  had  been  a  regular  attendant 
and  communicant  at  St.  Nicholas  Church,  now  the  Cathedral 
of  Newcastle.  When  seized  with  the  attack  of  pleurisy,  his 
sister  at  his  request  wrote  to  ask  me  to  come  and  visit  him 
ministerially.  It  was  my  privilege  to  do  this  and  to  administer 
to  him  the  Holy  Communion  shortly  before  his  death,  which 
took  place  on  the  21st  of  January,  1867,  in  the  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  his  age. 

His  sister,  whose  chief  thought  in  life  had  been  the  loving 
care  of  her  brother,  was  never  well  subsequent  to  his  death, 
but  lingered  on  until  the  7th  of  June,  1881,  when  she  died  at 
85  years  of  age. 

A.  M.  NORMAN. 


LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK.* 


JOSHCTA  ALDER  died  in  January,  1867,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
four  years  ;  Albany  Hancock  in  October,  1873,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven  years. 

The  linked  names  of  Alder  and  Hancock,  friends  and 
fellow-workers  for  many  years,  will  long  be  esteemed  as  those 
of  good  and  true  men,  who,  from  a  pui'e  and  unselfish  love  of 
science,  have  done  much  towards  enlarging  the  boundaries  of 
Natural  History,  and  have  shed  a  lustre  on  the  town  in  which 
they  were  born  and  spent  their  lives.  Both  were  self-taught 
men  in  their  departments  of  scientific  work,  and  have  shown 
what  talent  and  perseverance  can  effect  without  the  aid  of 
academic  training.  The  same  may  be  said  in  the  case  of 
many  others  of  our  distinguished  men  of  the  North  of  England. 

In  a  memoir  of  the  lives  of  men  distinguished  in  any  walk 
of  life,  or  who  have  left  their  mark  on  any  department  of 
science,  it  is  always  interesting  to  know  their  origin,  who  and 
what  their  parents  were,  under  whose  auspices  they  were 
brought  up,  and  whether  or  not  their  talents  were  hereditary. 

Nothing  is  now  known  of  the  Hancock  family  before  the 
time  of  Albany's  grandfather,  about  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century.  His  grandmother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Baker, 
was,  by  the  maternal  side,  a  Henzell;  a  member  of  the  family 
of  that  name,  who,  with  the  Tyzacks  and  Tytterys,  brought 
to  the  Tyne  and  Wear,  and  also  to  Staffordshire,  towards  the 
end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  the  important  art  of  glass- 
making. 

Thomas  Hancock,  Albany's  grandfather,  was  a  saddler  and 
ironmonger,  at  the  north  end  of  Tyne  Bridge,  before  the  year 
1771.  He  had  two  sons,  John  and  Henry.  John,  the  elder, 
and  the  father  of  Albany,  was  sent  to  school  at  Redrnire,  in 
Yorkshire,  under  the  Eev.  T.  Hislop,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England.  He  showed  much  ability,  and  on  leav- 
ing school  joined  his  father  in  business.  This  he  pursued 

*  Extracted,  by  permission  of  the  Council  of  the  Natiiral  History  Society 
of  Northumberland,  Durham,  and  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, from  the  'Nat.  Hist. 
Trans,  of  Northumberland  and  Durham,'  Vol.  V,  pp.  118-13-4  (1877),  with  a 
few  omissions. 

II.  b 


XVlll  LIFE    OF    ALBANY   HANCOCK. 

more  from  principle  than  from  love  of  it,  for  he  used  to  say, 
when  leaving  his  young  companions  for  the  shop,  that  he 
"  was  going  to  his  duty." 

When  business  was  slack  and  the  weather  fine,  he  was  in 
the  habit  of  making,  with  two  or  three  like-minded  friends, 
trips  on  foot  into  various  parts  of  these  northern  counties; 
spending  the  day  in  a  delightful  search  after  plants,  insects, 
and  shells,  in  the  fields  and  woods,  by  the  riversides,  or  on 
the  rocky  promontories  and  sandy  beaches  of  the  coast. 

John  Hancock  and  his  friends  were  contemporary  with 
Bewick,  but  worked  in  the  departments  of  Botany,  Entomo- 
logy, and  Coucliology.  What  they  gathered  John  Hancock 
studied,  named,  and  arranged,  and  in  a  few  years  he  had 
amassed  a  considerable  collection,  in  which  shells  predomi- 
nated. That  he  was  in  advance  of  his  time  as  a  devoted  and 
successful  student  of  Nature,  this  collection  and  his  library 
demonstrate.  The  very  best  standard  works  of  the  day  were 
his,  and  for  a  quiet  provincial  naturalist  and  tradesman,  must 
have  appeared  extravagantly  expensive.  He  also  possessed 
one  of  the  best  microscopes  of  that  day,  and  made  much  use 
of  it, 

He  died  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  forty-three,  in 
September,  1812,  leaving  a  widow  and  six  children,  the 
eldest  being  eight  years  of  age.  Mrs.  Hancock  carefully 
treasured  up  the  collections  and  books  of  her  husband  until 
her  sons  were  old  enough  to  value  them.  It  was  a  day  of 
surpassing  interest,  one  which  had  been  eagerly  looked 
forward  to,  and  which  would  never  be  forgotten  by  her 
children,  when  the  cabinet  and  bookcase  were  formally 
opened  for  their  admiration  and  use. 

Albany,  the  third  child  and  second  son  of  John  Hancock, 
was  bo rii  on  Christmas  Eve,  1806,  in  the  family  house  at  the 
Bridge  End.  Losing  the  paternal  example  and  guidance  at 
the  early  age  of  six,  he  was,  with  his  brothers  and  sisters, 
brought  up  by  a  tender  and  excellent  mother,  who  succeeded 
in  fostering  their  tastes  and  keeping  alive  the  memory  of 
their  father.  Of  the  six  children,  Albany,  John,  and  Mary 
afterwards  embraced  the  study  of  different  branches  of 
Natural  History  and  the  Fine  Arts,  but  the  exigencies  of 
business  compelled  Thomas  to  relinquish  his  inclination  for 
Geology.  Thus  four  of  the  family  appear  to  have  inherited 
more  or  less  a  bias  towards  their  father's  studies. 

Albany  was  sent  early  to  the  school  of  the  Misses  Prowitt, 
and  afterwards  to  that  of  Mr.  Henry  Atkinson,  both  noted 
seminaries  in  Newcastle  in  those  days.  In  the  latter  he 
remained  about  seven  years.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  was 


LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK.  XIX 

indentured,  and  served  as  an  articled  clerk  to  Thomas  Chater, 
Solicitor,  of  this  town.  At  the  end  of  his  clerkship  he 
studied  at  the  office  of  Thomas  Brown,  Solicitor,  in  London, 
and  was  afterwards  duly  admitted  as  an  Attorney.  He 
returned  to  Newcastle  in  1830,  and  the  next  year  he  took  an 
office  over  the  shop  of  his  friend,  Joshua  Alder,  in  the  Side. 
There  he  awaited  practice  for  two  years  ;  but,  attracted  by 
the  superior  charms  of  Natural  History,  he  quitted  the  office 
and  the  legal  profession  together. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  Northumberland  and  Durham  (the  first  part  of  whose 
1  Transactions  '  appeared  in  1830),  and  an  Honorary  Curator 
of  its  Museum,  to  which,  by  his  application  and  industry, 
he  rendered  essential  assistance. 

Letters  left  by  him,  dated  1832,  1833,  and  1834,  from  Dr. 
W.  S.  Hooker  of  Glasgow,  and  Dr.  Johnston  of  Berwick- 
upon-Tweed,  show  that  he  and  his  brother  John  had  formed 
a  project  for  a  work  on  British  Birds,  which,  not  having 
been  sufficiently  encouraged,  was  dropped,  though  John  had 
already  executed  some  of  the  drawings  for  the  work.  [Some 
of  these,  however,  were  subsequently  published  in  his  "  Cata- 
logue of  the  Birds  of  Northumberland  and  Durham"  ('  Nat. 
Hist,  Trans.  Northumb.  and  Durham,'  Vol.  VI.  1874).] 

From  about  1835  to  1840  Albany  had  been  turning  his 
attention  to  modelling  in  clay  and  in  plaster,  and  had  accom- 
plished a  fair  bust  or  two.  He  also  designed  and  painted 
fish,  flowers,  and  fruit,  thus  cultivating  and  improving  the 
faculties  and  the  tastes  he  was  becoming  more  and  more 
conscious  of  possessing,  and  preparing,  without  knowing  it, 
for  his  future  work.  He  delighted  in  beautiful  and  tasteful 
combinations  of  form  and  colour,  and  was  a  great  admirer 
and  good  critic  of  Poetry  and  the  Fine  Arts  generally. 

Up  to  the  age  of  thirty  the  subject  of  this  memoir  seems  to 
have  had  no  fixed  object  in  life.  He  had  withdrawn  entirely 
from  business,  and  indee-1  the  simplicity  of  his  habits  and  of 
his  whole  life  made  business  of  little  interest  to  him,  and  the 
purity  of  his  tastes  and  aspirations  rendered  work  which  had 
gain  only  for  its  object  utterly  distasteful  to  him. 

Following  the  example  of  their  father,  Albany  and  his 
brothers  Thomas  and  John,  together  with  their  friends, 
Joshua  Alder,  the  Burnetts,  William  Huttoii  (joint  author 
with  Professor  Lindley  of  'The  Fossil  Flora'),  William 
Robertson,  R.  B.  Bowman,  and  John  Thonihill,  botanists,  and 
W.  C.  Hewitson  (author  of  '  The  Eggs  of  British  Birds/  and 
of  '  Exotic  Butterflies  '),  examined  afresh  the  whole  of  the 
surrounding  district,  making  collections  of  all  natural  objects. 


XX  LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK. 

These  were  the  chief  men  who,  with  and  after  Bewick  and 
his  predecessors,  gained  for  Newcastle  its  reputation  for  the 
successful  prosecution  of  the  study  of  Natural  History. 

Albany  was  one  of  the  principal  promoters  of  the  Newcastle 
Polytechnic  Exhibitions  of  1840  and  1848,  which  gave  a 
strong  impetus  to  the  diffusion  of  general  information  and 
a  love  of  science  among  the  public  of  the  town  and  district ; 
and  for  the  acknowledged  beauty  of  arrangement  of  these 
displays  of  art  and  science  much  was  due  to  his  taste  and 
exertions. 

From  1842  to  1864,  in  association  with  his  friend  Joshua 
Alder,  he  was  engaged  in  the  study  of  Conchology,  and  in 
the  discovery  of  various  new  genera  and  species  of  Nudi- 
branchiate  Mollusca  of  the  Northumberland  Coast  and  other 
parts  of  the  British  Islands,  and  in  the  delineation  and 
description  of  their  external  characters.  Up  to  1844  they  had 
discovered  and  described  two  new  genera  and  thirty-one  new 
species  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1844  [p.  24]),  though  in  the 
time  of  Linnasus  only  six  species  were  known.  In  these  and 
similar  pursuits  his  powers  of  minute  and  accurate  observa- 
tion and  correct  description  appear  to  have  been  successfully 
cultivated,  and  his  talent  for  delineation  by  the  pencil  and 
brush  fully  exercised. 

In  1843  Alder  and  Hancock  published,  in  the  '  Annals  of 
Natural  History/  "  Observations  on  the  Development  of  the 
Nudibranchiate  Mollusks,  with  Eemarks  on  their  Structure." 

About  the  time  of  the  publication  of  this  paper  a  change 
occurred  in  the  direction  of  Albany's  thoughts  and  studies, 
which  influenced  the  whole  of  his  future  scientific  career, 
and,  by  determining  for  him  a  fixed  line  of  investigation, 
conduced  to  make  him  so  distinguished  an  anatomist  in 
Malacology  that  his  views  were  afterwards  justly  regarded 
as  of  the  highest  authority  in  this  department  of  science, 
and  the  most  difficult  points  were  at  times  submitted  for 
his  decision.  The  cause  of  this  change  it  may  not  be  un- 
interesting to  Naturalists  to  relate.  He  had  become  con- 
vinced that  valuable  for  classification  as  are  the  -external 
characters  and  the  habits  of  animals  when  carefully 
observed,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  investigate  and 
understand  their  internal  structure  also,  in  order  to  form  a 
correct  idea  of  their  physiology  and  of  their  proper  arrange- 
ment according  to  their  natural  affinities. 

In  1843  appeared  an  elaborate  paper  by  M.  de  Quatre- 
fages,  afterwards  a  celebrated  French  Naturalist,  in  the 
'  Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles,'  Vol.  XIX,  entitled 
"  Memoire  sur  1'Eolidine  paradoxale."  In  order  to  estimate 


LIFE    Oe    ALBANY    HANCOCK.  XXI 

duly  the  value  of  the  work  detailed  in  this  memoir,  it  became 

•/ 

necessary  that  the  anatomy  of  the  mollusk  concerned  should 
be  investigated,  and  as  I  was  at  that  time  Lecturer  on  Ana- 
tomy and  Physiology  in  the  Newcastle  School  of  Medicine, 
and  was  acquainted  with  Mr.  Hancock's  desires  and  difficul- 
ties, he  requested  me  to  join  him  in  the  investigation. 

A  few  observations  had  already  been  made  by  Messrs.  Alder 
and  Hancock,  and  the  latter  had,  with  his  usual  acumen, 
detected  some  errors  in  the  description  of  M.  de  Quatrefages. 
(See  "Remarks  on  the  Grenus  Eolidina,  Quatrefages/'  in 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  XIV,  1844.) 

M.  de  Quatrefages  had  stated  that  Eolidina  possessed  a 
heart  and  arteries,  but  no  veins  ;  that,  therefore,  the  circu- 
lating apparatus  was  incomplete,  the  blood  flowing  to  the 
heart  through  a  series  of  open  spaces  in  the  areolar  tissue 
of  the  body  ;  that  the  mouth  had  no  teeth  ;  that  the  alimen- 
tary canal  passing  down  the  median  line  of  the  body  ended 
in  a  dorsal  anus,  whilst  there  were  given  off  on  each  side  a 
symmetrical  series  of  branches,  equalling-  in  number  the 
dorsal  pupilhe,  to  each  of  which  an  offset  was  given,  after 
which  the  branches  ended  in  a  narrow  marginal  canal 
running  all  round  the  body. 

M.  Milne  Edwards  had,  in  1842,  declared  the  existence  of 
a  similar  appearance  in  Calliopoea,  and  had  named  it  "a 
gastro-vascular  system,"  believing  that  the  digestive  system, 
by  its  complexity,  replaced  in  that  animal  the  venous  parts 
of  the  circulating  system,  and  also  the  organs  of  respiration. 

On  dissecting  in  1844  an  Eolis,  or  Eolidina,  taken  at 
Cullercoats,  we  found  that  veins  as  well  as  arteries  were 
present;  that  the  mouth  contained  a  spiny  tongue  ;  that  the 
alimentary  canal  ended  on  the  right  side  of  the  body,  and 
that  there  was  no  marginal  canal  with  Avhich  the  branches 
from  the  stomach  could  communicate;  that  the  branchial 
papillfe  were  the  respiratory  organs;  that,  therefore,  the 
functions  of  digestion,  circulation,  and  respiration,  far  from 
being'  performed  by  one  system  only  (a  gastro-vascular),  had 
each  its  own  special  organ. 

M.  de  Quatrefages,  in  1844,  communicated  to  the  '  Annales 
des  Sciences  Natnrelles/  ser.  3,  Vol.  I,  p.  129,  another 
memoir,  in  which  he  attempted,  on  the  strength  of  his  own 
previous  observations  and  those  of  Milne  Edwards,  to  estab- 
lish a  new  order  of  Mollusks,  to  be  called  Gasteropoda  Phle- 
benterata.  In  this  memoir  he  stated  that  six  genera  of  Mollusks 
possess  a  gastro-vascular  system,  and  that,  in  fact,  the  three 
great  functions  of  life  —  circulation,  respiration,  and  diges- 
tion— are  performed  in  them  by  one  system  only,  thus  degrad- 


XX11  LIFE    OP    ALBANY    HANCOCK. 

ing  these  Mollusks  to  the  level  of  the  Acephalous  Medusae; 
and  he,  moreover,  attempted  to  lay  down  the  vicious  principle 
that  the  external  characters  of  animals  are  altogether  inde- 
pendent of,  and  are  no  key  whatever  to,  their  internal 
structure. 

The  theory  of  Phlebenterism,  as  it  was  called,  was  soon 
attacked,  and  shown  to  be  false,  by  a  rising  young  naval 
surgeon,  M.  de  Souleyet,  in  a  paper  presented  to  the 
Academie  des  Sciences  in  1844;  and  Naturalists  in  England, 
Germany,  and  Italy  were  astonished  at  the  novelty  and  bold- 
ness of  M.  de  Quatrefages'  assertions.  So  important  was  the 
discussion  considered  by  the  savants  of  Paris  that  special  com- 
missions for  the  investigation  of  the  new  theory  were 
appointed,  by  the  Academie  des  Sciences  in  1844,  and  by  the 
Societe  de  Biologie  in  1849. 

Both  commissions  having  examined  all  producible  evidence, 
including  that  from  Newcastle,  reported  so  diametrically 
against  Phlebenterism,  that  the  very  name  immediately  after- 
wards disappeared  from  the  language  of  science. 

It  was  the  interest  in  Anatomy  and  Physiology  inspired  by 
the  discussion  of  this  theory  that  determined  Albany  Hancock 
to  pursue  his  researches  into  internal  anatomy,  whilst,  at  the 
same  time,  he  paid  due  attention  to  external  characters; 
and,  having  once  got  into  the  right  track  of  research,  he 
never  looked  back,  but  pursued  the  path  which  led  him  to 
honour  and  distinction. 

We  began  with  the  regular  study  of  Eulis  in  1844,  and  in 
the  following  January  the  '  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural 
History'  published  the  first  part  of  the  anatomy  of  this  mollusk, 
in  1848  the  second  and  third,  and  in  1849  the  last  part. 

The  investigation  of  Doris,  another  genus  of  Nudibranchs, 
was  next  undertaken  :  the  results,  embodied  in  a  short  sum- 
mary, were  communicated  to  the  Edinburgh  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  in  1850,  and  afterwards  a  paper  "  On  the 
Anatomy  of  Doris"  was  read  for  us,  in  1851,  by  Professor  E. 
Forbes,  to  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  printed  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions'  for  1852. 

The  above-mentioned  papers  on  the  anatomy  of  Eolis  con- 
tained a  more  complete  description  of  the  organs,  particularly 
those  of  the  digestive,  nervous,  vascular,  and  reproductive 
systems,  than  had  up  to  that  time  been  given,  and  the 
degradation  to  which  M.  de  Quatrefages  had  condemned 
those-  elegant  mollusks  was  shown  to  be  imaginary. 

In  the  paper  on  Doris  was  announced  the  discovery  of  the 
existence  in  this,  and  in  other  closely  allied  mollusks,  of  the 
sympathetic  or  ganglionic  system  of  nerves,  and  a  nearly 


LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK.  xxiii 

complete  description,,  with  plates,  of  the  extension  of  this 
system  to  all  the  viscera  in  Doris  was  given.  Up  to  1850 
no  sympathetic  nervous  system  had  been  described  in  any 
animal  below  the  Vertebrata,  and  it  was,  therefore,  with 
peculiar  pleasure  and  care  that  the  ramifications  of  this 
system  were  traced  out  and  laid  down.  Its  presence  in  these 
creatures  goes  to  show  that  the  Mollusca  are  more  closely 
related  than  the  Articulata  to  the  Vertebrata,  and  that,  there- 
fore, the  transition  from  the  Mollusca  to  these  last  is  not  quite  so 
abrupt  as  has  been  believed. 

During  the  period  from  1845  to  1855  there  appeared  the 
justly  celebrated  '  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate 
Mollusca,  with  figures  of  the  species,'  by  Joshua  Alder  and 
Albany  Hancock.  This  work,  published  by  the  Ray  Society, 
soon  gained  for  its  authors  a  more  than  European  reputation. 
The  descriptions  of  external  characters  and  the  classification 
were  the  joint  work  of  Alder  and  Hancock;  most  of  the 
drawings  of  the  species  and  the  whole  of  those  of  the  anatomy 
were  by  Hancock  alone. 

The  beauty  of  the  drawings  and  the  delicacy  of  the 
colouring  exhibited  in  this  work  it  would  be  difficult  to 
surpass,  and  the  anatomical  details  are  represented  with  a 
perfect  fidelity  to  nature.  Albany  rapidly  surmounted  the 
difficulties  attendant  on  the  delicate  dissection  of  microscopi- 
cally-minute parts,  in  which  the  breath,  even,  has  to  be  held 
and  regulated,  and  the  hand  educated  in  the  execution  of  the 
smallest  possible  movements  ;  and  he  readily  gained  an 
extensive  acquaintance  with  the  principles  and  details  of 
Comparative  Anatomy. 

The  Tyneside  Naturalists'  Field  Club  was  instituted  in  tin- 
year  1846,  and  one  of  its  foremost  and  best  supporters  was 
Albany  H;incock.  The  second  paper  in  its  '  Transactions/ 
that  "  On  the  Existence  of  Limn  or  i  a  terebrans  at  the  Mouth  of 
the  Tyne,"  was  by  him.  He  afterwards  contributed  papers 
"  On  the  Boring  Apparatus  of  the  Carnivorous  Gasteropods 
and  of  the  Stone-  and  Wood-boring  bivalves;'5  "On  the 
Boring  of  the  Mollusca,  as  Teredo,  Xylopliuga,  Pholas,  etc., 
into  Rocks,  etc. ;  "  and  "  On  the  Excavating  Po\\  ers  of  certain 
Sponges,  as  C  lion  a;  with  descriptions  of  several  new  species 
and  an  allied  generic  form."  He  continued  his  contributions 
to  the  '  Transactions '  up  to  the  year  of  his  decease.  On  more 
than  one  occasion,  and  after  much  solicitation,  he  modestly 
declined  the  honour  of  being  elected  President  of  the  Club. 

After  the  completion  of  the  Monograph  of  the  Nudibran- 
chiata  he  worked  alone  on  "  The  Organization  of  the  Brachi- 
opoda/'  and  his  essay  with  this  title,  in  the  'Philosophical 


XXIV  LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK. 

Transactions'  for  1858,  is  a  spendid  proof  of  his  talents  as  an 
enlightened  Naturalist,  a  philosophical  Anatomist,  and  an 
accomplished  Artist. 

The  Royal  Society,  in  acknowledgment  of  their  apprecia- 
tion of  the  high  value  of  his  works  on  the  Mollusca,  and  of 
that  on  the  Brachiopoda  in  particular,  awarded  him,  in  1858, 
a  Royal  medal,  an  honour  conferred  on  few. 

In  the  Address  of  the  President  of  that  year  (the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Wrottesly)  at  the  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the 
Royal  Society,  the  following  notice  was  taken  of  Albany 
Hancock's  labours,  on  the  presentation  to  him,  through  Prof. 
Huxley,  of  the  Royal  medal.  After  a  commendatory  notice 
of  the  papers  on  Eolis  and  Doris,  the  Monograph  of  the 
Nudibranchiata  is  characterized  as  "  a  work  eminent  alike 
for  the  beauty  and  fidelity  of  its  illustrations  and  the  value 
and  completeness  of  its  zoological  and  anatomical  details.'"' 
And  further,  "  Among  the  more  important  of  Mr.  Hancock's 
numerous  independent  contributions  to  science  should  be 
noticed  a  valuable  paper  on  the  '  Excavating  Powers  of  cer- 
tain Sponges  •'  his  discovery  and  accurate  account  of  a  new 
and  curious  genus  of  burrowing  Cirriped.es,  and  several  others  ; 
in  all  of  which  is  manifested  a  remarkable  capacity  for 
minute  and  accurate  observation  conjoined  with  great  powers 
of  generalization.  But  in  none  of  Mr.  Hancock's  labours  are 
these  faculties  so  eminently  displayed  as  in  his  more  recent 
investigation  of  the  organization  of  the  Brachiopoda.  In  his 
elaborate  monograph  on  this  most  difficult  subject,  and  of 
which  it  may  be  truly  said  a  more  complete  specimen  of 
minute  anatomy  has  not  appeared  since  the  days  of  Lyonet,  a 
detailed  account  is  given  of  the  whole  organization  of  the 
Brachiopoda  founded  upon  the  laborious  dissection  of 
numerous  species ;  several  interesting  points  in  their  economy, 
first  indicated  by  Prof.  Huxley,  are  confirmed  ;  many  addi- 
tional facts  communicated ;  and  a  new  and  clear  light  thrown 
upon  the  previously  obscure  subject  of  the  physiological  and 
systematic  relations  of  the  class  in  general." 

Praise  like  this,  and  from  so  high  a  scientific  source,  could 
not  but  be  agreeable  to  our  friend,  and  stamped  him  as  a 
man  of  established  fame. 

He  was  solicited  to  become  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
but  declined  the  honour. 

During  the  progress  of  the  above  works  his  attention  was 
attracted  from  time  to  time  by  various  subjects  of  kindred 
character,  and  he  made  numerous  contributions  to  scientific 
periodicals ;  indeed,  for  thirty  years,  he  scarcely  ceased  from 
work;  each  year  bringing  forth  something  of  more  or  less  solid 


LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK.  XXV 

utility  to  his  favourite  sciences.  He  worked  most  perseveringly, 
taking  little  rest  or  relaxation  and  insufficient  exercise ;  his 
patience  and  zeal  were  indefatigable  ;  his  observations  were 
frequently  repeated  and  tested ;  whilst  his  dissections  were  of 
necessity  performed  with  the  subject  under  water  and  by  the 
aid  of  a  lens,  and  at  times  required  the  use  of  the  higher 
powers  of  a  valuable  microscope  presented  to  him  by  Lady 
Armstrong.  The  drawings  from  his  dissections  were  executed 
with  a  delicacy  and  minute  correctness  which  left  nothing  to 
be  desired,  and  the  descriptions  were  always  plain  and  modest, 
but  conscientiously  exact,  his  sole  aim  being  the  representation 
of  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Nature.  His  sight  was  excellent,  his 
powers  of  observation  and  manipulation  now  perfected,  his 
generalizations  enlightened,  and,  his  mind  having  risen  to  its 
full  development,  he  succeeded  in  unravelling  the  intricacies 
of  the  organization  of  the  objects  of  his  researches  in  so  clear 
a  manner  as  to  call  forth  the  admiration  of  those  who,  either 
in  this  country  or  abroad,  had  been  educated  to  the  study,  and 
had  held  the  highest  places  in  the  ranks  of  the  cultivators  of 
natural  science. 

During  and  after  the  year  1858  he  produced  numerous 
papers  ;  with  Mr.  Alder  on  the  Nudibraiichiata,  and  also  alone 
on  the  Cephalopoda,  on  the  Freshwater  Bryozoa,  and  on  Hydra . 
In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Howse,  in  1863,  he  classified  and 
described,  in  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society/  a 
collection  of  Indian  Nudibranchs,  sent  by  Walter  Elliot,  Esq. 
With  Mr.  Howse  he  contributed  valuable  papers  011  the  Fossil 
Remains  of  the  Marl-slate  of  Durham,  and  with  Mr.  Atthey 
various  descriptions  of  the  Fossil  Fauna  of  the  Northumber- 
land Coalfield. 

For  these  last  additions  to  science  the  authors  deserve  high 
credit,  and  the  thanks  of  all  Paleontologists,  for  the  lucid 
descriptions  they  have  given  of  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
fishes  and  reptiles  submitted  to  their  investigation,  and  the 
satisfactory  manner  in  which,  with  every  modesty,  they  have 
cleared  away  a  cloud  of  errors  and  hasty  generalizations  of 
previous  writers,  whereby  the  study  of  these  interesting  relics 
of  a  past  Fauna  had  been  rendered  unnecessarily  complicated 
and  difficult. 

We  now  come,  lastly,  to  notice  the  work  on  the  Tunicata.  Mr. 
Hancock  had,  up  to  the  autumn  of  1873,  completed  about 
two-thirds,  and  a  portion  of  the  remainder.  Ill  health  over- 
took him,  and  he  deeply  regretted  that  he  was  compelled  to 
abandon  the  valuable  work  which  he  so  much  loved,  and  which 
he  had  so  greatly  illustrated,  when  he  was  within  two  years  of 
the  time  when  he  expected  to  be  able  to  bring  it  to  a  conclusion. 


XXVI  LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK. 

Slowly-increasing  debility  of  frame,  with  dyspnoea  and 
cough  on  exertion,,  rendered  application  to  his  work  too 
onerous  to  be  continued;  even  thought  on  the  objects  of  his 
study  could  not  be  long  kept  up.  Change  of  air  and  rest  at 
Sir  W.  Gr.  Armstrong's  hospitable  seat  at  Cragside  benefited 
him  from  time  to  time,  but  he  declined  more  and  more  through 
the  summer  and  autumn,,  owing  to  dropsical  symptoms 
supervening,  and  died  tranquilly  on  the  24-th  of  October,  1873, 
deeply  regretted  by  all  who  knew  his  worth. 

Albany  Hancock  kept  up  a  correspondence  with  most 
of  the  leading  Naturalists,  as  his  numerous  letters  and 
presents  of  books  and  pamphlets  testify  ;  with  Darwin,  Owen, 
Huxley,  Hooker,  Sharpey,  Forbes,  Phillips,  Allman,  Busk, 
and  several  other  distinguished  Naturalists  of  Great  Britain ; 
with  Cohen  of  Breslau  ;  Suess  of  Vienna  ;  Kelaart  of  Ceylon  ; 
Agassiz  of  the  United  States;  Lacaze-Duthiers  of  Paris; 
Loveii  of  Stockholm ;  Bergh  of  Copenhagen ;  and  others  of 
the  Continent  of  Europe. 

He  was  not  without  special  honours  in  his  own  counti-y 
or  from  abroad.  He  was  elected,  in  1845,  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Manchester  Natural  History  Society,  and  in 
1862  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society.  In  1858,  as  already 
stated,  he  was  awarded  a  Royal  medal  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London,' and  declined  tin-  honour  of  the  Fellowship.  In 
1865  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Zoologico-Botanical  Society  of  Vienna,  and  in  1869  a 
Correspondent  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia, U.  S.  A.,  and  particularly  of  the  Conchological  Section 
of  that  Academy. 

He  never  betrayed  the  least  vanity  at  being-  thus  distin- 

.  »/  O 

gnished,  but  bore  his  honours  meekly,  and  never  alluded  to 
his  success  ;  indeed  he  rarely  mentioned  it  or  his  honours 
to  anyone,  and  his  diplomas  were  carefully  put  away,  so  as  not 
to  attract  attention  ;  but  he  failed  not  to  experience  within 
himself  the  natural  gratification  of  finding  that  lie  had  not 
worked  in  vain  to  extend  the  boundaries  of  human  knowledge, 
and  that  his  labours  were  appreciated  by  those  who  alone 
were  competent  to  estimate  their  value. 

Albany  Hancock,  gifted  with  a  large  ;md  well-constituted 
brain,  and  trained,  as  few  are,  both  as  a  lawyer  and  a  close 
observer  of  Nature,  was  a  person  of  philosophic  mind  ;  quick 
and  accurate  in  perception,  careful  in  weighing  evidence, 
correct  in  judgment,  careful  and  powerful  in  generalizing, 
and,  withal,  modest  and  unassuming1.  No  one  could  be  long 
in  his  genial  company  without  feeling  that  he  was  in  the 
presence  of  a  superior  person.  He  was  fond  of  intellectual 


LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK.  XXvii 

society,  which  elicited  his  powers  of  mind,  and  in  which  he 
bore  his  part  without  assumption  of  superiority.  He  was 
not  averse  to  argument,  in  which  he  always  displayed  large 
views,  and  an  evident  desire  to  arrive  at  a  correct  estimation 
of  the  matter  under  discussion;  and  his  opinion  once  formed 
was  firmly  adhered  to  and  difficult  to  shake.  His  great 
general  information,  his  thoughtfulness  and  sound  judgment, 
were  well  known,  and  in  many  cases  of  doubt  or  difficulty  his 
decision  was  appealed  to,  with  much  advantage  by  others  as 
well  as  by  the  members  of  his  own  family.  Naturally  mild, 
grave,  and  contemplative,  he  was  courteous,  sensitive,  and 
somewhat  diffident.  He  was  kind  and  sympathizing  towards 
the  oppressed,  and  instances  are  not  wanting  in  which  his 
warm  sympathy  for  his  friends  in  misfortune  or  domestic 
affliction  acted  as  balm  to  the  wounded  heart.  There  was 
benevolence  in  his  smile  and  in  his  tear,  and  his  conduct  was 
marked  throughout  by  purity  and  uprightness.  Children  he 
loved,  and  was  beloved  by  them,  though  he  was  never 
married.  He  could  partake  of  their  simple  joys  and  sorrows, 
and  he  was  always  ready  to  impart  information  and  to  teach 
them  to  observe  with  attention  the  objects  around  them. 

His  time  was  much  occupied  with  his  laborious  researches 
and  his  study  of  authors  on  his  favourite  subjects,  neverthe- 
less he  kept  himself  abreast  of  the  current  knowledge  of  the 
day,  not  only  in  Natural  History,  but  in  general  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,  in  Archaeology,  general  Literature,  and 
Politics,  in  all  of  which,  and  in  the  Fine  Arts,  he  took  especial 
pleasure. 

The  modesty  and  diffidence  of  his  sensitive  nature  pre- 
vented him  from  taking  part  in  discussions  at  public  meetings, 
even  on  scientific  subjects  ;  and  though  he  was  solicited  in 
1850  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on  Zoology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  in  the  Newcastle  College  of  Medicine,  he  modestly 
declined  to  undertake  the  task  as  one  unfitted  to  his  frame  of 
mind.  DENNIS  EMBLETON. 

ADDENDUM. 

Albany  Hancock  was  a  member  of  a  talented  family.  He 
lived  with  a  brother  and  two  sisters,  none  of  whom  married. 
One  of  his  sisters  was  a  good  painter  in  water-colours,  while 
his  brother  John  was  preeminent  as  an  Ornithologist,  a 
Taxidermist,  a  Modeller,  and  a  Landscape  Gardener.  The 
Newcastle  Museum  contains  a  very  valuable  collection  of 
birds  made  and  mounted  by  him  most  admirably  in  natural 
attitudes;  while  the  wonderful  rock-gardens  of  Lord  Armstrong 


XXV111  LIFE    OF    ALBANY    HANCOCK. 

at  C rag-side,  and  those  at  Jesmond  Dene,  Newcastle,  were 
quite  triumphs  as  showing  what  landscape  gardening  ought 
to  be.  It  was  John  Hancock  who  was  instrumental  in  raising- 
through  his  many  friends  £39,000  with  which  to  build  that 
Museum  which  holds  among  other  treasures  his  own  col- 
lections, and  which  was  opened  by  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales  in  July,  1884.  John  Hancock  died  on  the  llth  of 
October,  1890,  in  his  83rd  year. 

After  the  deaths  of  both  Albany  and  John  Hancock  it  was 
resolved  that  the  Museum,  which  owed  so  much  to  the  two 
brothers,  should  be  named  after  them,  and  it  is  now  known 
as  the  "  Hancock  Museum." 

A  "  Hancock  Prize "  has  also  been  instituted  by  which  a 
small  sum  of  money  is  given  each  year  to  the  writer  of  the 
best  paper  giving  an  account  of  a  day's  Natural  Histoiy 
excursion.  Those  only  are  allowed  to  compete  who  have  not 
previously  written  anything  of  importance  for  the  press,  and 
the  prize  has  done  much  to  stimulate  a  love  of  Natural 
History  amongst  young  men  and  young  women  in  the  two 
northern  counties  of  Northumberland  and  Durham. 

Alder  and  Hancock  were  Naturalists  of  a  by-gone  time. 
With  only  very  moderate  advantages  as  regards  early  educa- 
tion, they  progressed  greatly  in  knowledge  by  private  study 
as  years  went  by.  An  intense  love  of  Nature  absorbed  them, 
and  they  realized  that  everything  else  must  be  sacrificed  to 
allow  them  to  find  out  Nature's  secrets.  They  were  not  well 
off;  with  the  little  they  had  they  were  content;  thought  of 
marriage  had  to  be  given  up,  for  Nature  must  be  their  spouse. 
Through  the  earlier  part  of  the  last  century  there  were  no 
University  Science  Schools,  and  few  Professors  of  Natural 
History.  Now  a  young  man  who  has  a  taste  for  science  can 
go  through  a  thorough  course  of  training  in  any  branch  of  it 
he  may  desire,  and  after  taking  his  degree  may  ultimately 
become  a  Professor.  But  this  position  is  not  without  its  dis- 
advantages ;  the  duties  of  the  Professorial  Chair  take  up  so 
much  time  that  little  is  left  for  special  work.  It  is  impossible 
to  give  anything  like  the  years  of  study  which  Hancock 
devoted  to  the  elucidation  of  the  minute  structure  of  some 
lower  animals.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  true  that  the  modern 
physiologist  can  do  much  more  in  these  days  in  a  short  time 
through  the  facilities  which  the  use  of  chemical  reagents 
and  of  the  section-knife  afford  him. 

A.  M.  NORMAN. 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


Family  I.     ASCIDIADJE  (continued). 
G-enus  2.     CIONA     (Savigny)  Fleming,  1828. 

[Ascidia  (pars)  LINN.EUS  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  12,  I,  pt.  2  (1767), 

p.  1087.] 
Phallusise   donas  SAVIGNY  Mem.   Aniui.   sans  Vert.    pt.    2 

[1816],  p.  169. 
dona   FLEMING   Brit.    Anim.    [1828],    p.    468;    [HANCOCK 

in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (4)  VI  (1870),  p.  364]. 

Body  subcylindrical,  gelatinous,  very  contractile, 
attached  more  or  less  by  the  right  side.  Apertures 
terminal  or  nearly  so,  and  not  far  apart ;  the  branchial 
8-lobed,  the  atrial*  6-lobed;  with  conspicuous  ocelli. 
Test  soft,  smooth,  and  flaccid.  Mantle  with  strong, 
longitudinal,  muscular  bands.  Tentacular  filaments 
numerous  and  slender,  linear.  Branchial  sac  elon- 
gated, [narrow,]  not  reaching  to  the  bottom  of  the 
mantle ;  the  meshes  rectilinear  with  papillae  at  the 
intersections.  Oral  filaments  [replacing  the  lamina] 
numerous.  Stomach,  intestine,  and  reproductive  organs 
extending  below  the  branchial  sac. 

The  genus  Ciona  may  be  distinguished  from  Ascidia 
by  the  softness  and  great  contractility  of  the  test,  and 
by  the  stomach  and  intestine  being  situated  below  the 
branchial  cavity,  in  this  respect  approaching  to  the 

*  The  term  "  anal "  used  by  the  authors  has  in  this  volume  been  altered 
to  "  atrial"  when  it  applies  to  the  tube  and  its  aperture  by  which  the  atrium 
communicates  with  the  external  medium. 

II.  1 


Z  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

relative  position  of  these  organs  in  Clavelina  and  the 
compound  Ascidians.  By  this  latter  character  dona 
seems  to  be  related  to  Pelonaia,  and  also  by  the  much 
elongated  form  of  the  branchial  sac,  and  the  position 
and  proportions  of  the  alimentary  canal.  It  differs 
from  both  these  genera  [Clavelina  and  Pelonaia]  by 
the  oral  lamina  being  replaced  by  a  series  of  filaments. 

The  test  of  Ciona  is  not  only  characterized  by  its 
softness  and  contractility,  but  also  by  the  facility  with 
which  it  separates  into  layers,  and  by  the  fewness  and 
indefiniteness  of  the  vascular  ramifications  in  its  sub- 
stance. 

The  mantle  is  remarkable  for  the  arrangement  of 
the  muscular  fibres,  which  are  nearly  as  numerous  on 
the  one  side  of  it  as  011  the  other.  They  are  accumu- 
lated into  ten  stout,  widely-separated,  longitudinal 
bundles,  which,  originating  at  the  base  of  the  mantle, 
five  on  each  side,  extend  upwards  and  pass  into  the 
walls  of  the  respiratory  tubes ;  three  terminating  in 
the  inhalent,  two  in  the  exhalent  tube.  Delicate 
transverse  fibres  can  also  be  traced  the  whole  length 
of  the  mantle,  particularly  011  the  left  side.  The  ocelli 
at  the  entrance  of  the  respiratory  tubes  are  very  con- 
spicuous. 

The  branchial  sac  is  much  elongated,  and  is  com- 
posed of  a  simple  rectangular  reticulation  of  vessels  ; 
the  primary  or  transverse  channels  being  large  and 
regularly  disposed,  the  secondary  minute  and  longi- 
tudinal. The  longitudinal  bars  are  stout,  and  have  at 
the  intersections  very  large,  curved,  tubercular  pro- 
cesses. 

The  heart  is  also  much  modified.  It  lies  in  a  fold 
of  the  lining  membrane  within  what  may  be  called  the 
abdominal  chamber,  towards  the  dorsal  margin,  between 
the  bottom  of  the  branchial  sac  and  the  anterior  or 
upper  border  of  the  stomach.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
long  tube,  doubled  upon  itself,  and  is  enclosed  within 
a  kind  of  pericardium,  formed  apparently  by  the  lining 
(suspending)  membrane.  The  looped  or  double  portion 


CiONA.  3 

extends  transversely  into  the  centre  of  the  chamber, 
and  the  extremities  diverge  in  the  direction  of  the 
dorsal  margin,  one  passing  upwards  to  the  branchial 
sac,  the  other  downwards  to  the  pyloric  end  of  the 
stomach.  The  upper  extremity,  as  in  Ascidia,  divides 
into  three  branches,  two  of  which  supply  the  dorsal 
margin  of  the  branchial  sac,  one  upwards,  the  other 
downwards,  forming  the  great  dorsal  branchial  channel; 
the  third  supplies  the  test.  The  lower  extremity  of 
the  heart  divides  in  the  usual  way  into  two  branches 
which  ramify  over  the  respective  sides  of  the  stomach. 
The  stem  which  goes  to  the  left  side  gives  off  a  branch, 
which,  turning  backwards  and  upwards,  goes  along 
with  its  fellow  from  the  upper  end  of  the  heart  to  the 
test.  Another  branch  advances  in  the  direction  of  the 
oesophagus,  and  is  apparently  the  equivalent  of  that 
which  goes  to  the  ventral  margin  of  the  branchial  sac 
in  Ascidia. 

Having  thus  far  determined  the  circulatory  organs, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  blood-system  is  as 
complete  in  dona  as  it  is  in  Ascidia,  especially  as 
traces  of  the  visceral  and  pallial  plexuses  have  been 
observed,  and  as  the  branchial  suspenders  are  as 
largely  developed  as  they  are  in  that  genus. 

The  digestive  organs,  as  has  been  already  stated,  lie 
below  the  branchial  sac  ;  they  are  partially  cut  off 
from  the  rest  of  the  body  by  a  membrane.  The  oeso- 
phagus is  considerably  longer  than  it  is  in  Ascidia,  in 
this  respect  agreeing  with  Pelonaia  and  Glavelina.  It 
is  a  rather  wide  tube,  opening  into  the  bottom  of  the 
branchial  sac  close  to  its  ventral  margin.  From  the 
oral  orifice  the  oesophagus  runs  downwards,  and  then 
bending  backwards  joins  the  anterior  end  of  a  well- 
marked,  globular,  or  ovate  stomach,  which  lies  across 
the  bottom  of  the  abdominal  chamber.  The  intestine 
is  a  wide,  even  tube ;  it  leaves  the  opposite  or  dorsal 
extremity  of  the  stomach,  and,  bending  upwards, 
crosses  a  little  above  that  organ  towards  the  right  side 
of  the  body  to  the  opposite  or  ventral  margin,  up 


4  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

which  it  stretches  in  contact  with  the  branchial  sac, 
and  on  reaching  the  atrium  it  opens  into  it.  In  its 
course  the  intestine  forms  two  wide  loops.  The  rectal 
portion  is  long  and  the  anal  orifice  is  large,  and  has 
the  margin  reflected  and  reticulated,  as  is  the  case  in 
Pelonaia. 

The  stomach  and  intestine  have  not  a  coating  of 
vesicular  matter  like  that  observed  in  Asculia,  but  a 
rudimentary  hepatic  organ  can  be  observed. 

The  arrangement  of  the  reproductive  organs  is 
rather  peculiar.  The  ovary  is  a  dense,  elongated 
mass,  lying  against  the  right  side  of  the  stomach  in 
the  first  loop  of  the  intestine.  It  is  infolded  in  a  deli- 
cate transparent  membrane  which  seems  to  be  a  dupli- 
cature  of  the  lining  membrane.  This  membrane  also 
appears  to  be  reflected  over  the  alimentary  tube  and 
to  fix  it  in  its  position  like  a  peritoneum.  The  oviduct 
passes  from  the  attenuated  extremity  of  the  ovary, 
proceeds  towards  the  dorsal  margin,  runs  upwards 
adherent  to  the  intestine,  and,  ultimately  becoming 
attached  to  the  wall  of  the  branchial  sac,  opens  into 
the  atrium  a  considerable  way  in  advance  of  the  anus. 
There  is  a  small  bulbous  enlargement  at  the  termina- 
tion of  the  tube.  The  male  secreting  vesicles  are  very 
minute  ;  they  coat  the  lower  portion  of  the  intestine 
and  the  pyloric  extremity  of  the  stomach.  The  vas 
deferens  is  a  delicate  tube,  which,  passing  between  the 
stomach  and  the  ovary,  follows  the  oviduct  to  its  termi- 
nation, and  there  opens  like  it  into  the  cloaca. 

[Considerable  difficulty  has  been  experienced  in  work- 
ing out  the  synonymy  of  the  three  species  of  Giant i 
described  in  this  volume,  and  the  references  given 
may  not  all  be  correct.  Some  of  the  earlier  descrip- 
tions are  too  meagre  and  the  illustrations  too  inaccurate 
to  definitely  assign  them  to  any  one  species,  and  in 
some  cases  the  species  intended  to  be  represented  by 
an  author  can  only  be  inferred  from  the  synonymy 
or  references  quoted  by  him. 

The   following,   copied   verbatim,   is  the   synonymy 


CIONA.  5 

given   by  the   authors  of   this    monograph  for  Ciona 

intestinaUs :--] 

Ascidia  intestinaUs  TAINTS.  Syst.  Nat.  12th  ed.  p.  1087;  MULLER 

Zool.  Dan.    Prod.  225 ;    Bosc  Vers,   I,  p.   107 ;    CUVIER 

Mem.   des  Moll.,  Ascid.   23,  t.  4-7  ;  LAMARCK  Anim.   s. 

Vert.  2nd  ed.  Ill,  533  ;  MACG.  Moll.  Aberd.  I,  31  [313]  ; 

STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist.  II,  117;  DALYELL  Rare  and  Rein. 

Anim.  Scot.  II,   142,  t.  34,  f.  4 ;  FOR,  and  HANL.  Brit. 

Moll.  1,31  ;  ALD.  and  HANG.  Trans.  Tynes.  Club,  I,  199. 
Ascidia  corrugata  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  II,  54,  t.  79,  f.  3,  4. 
Ascidia  viridescens  BRUG.  Enc.  Meth.  (Vers),  I,  141  [152], 

t.  64,  f.  4-6. 
Phallusia  intestinaUs  SAVIGNY  Mem.  pt.  2,  169,  t.  11,  f.  1 ; 

THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist,  Irel.  IV,  361. 
Ciona  intestinaUs  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  468. 

[Linnaeus  defines  Ascidia  intestinaUs  as  "  Ascidia 
Isevis  alba  membranacea,"  a  description  which  is 
perhaps  more  applicable  to  Ciona  pulchella  than  to  C. 
intestinaUs,  and  his  references  are  : 

Bohads.  mar.  132,  t.  10,  f.  4;  Baster  subsc.  2,  p.  84,  t.  10, 
f.  5  ?;  Act.  nidros.  3,  p.  81,  t.  3,  f.  3,  4. 

Bohadsch's  Tetlti/umfasciculatum  (t.  10,  f.  4)  closely 
resembles  Hancock's  Ciona  fascicular  is.  Copies  of  two 
of  his  figures  reduced  in  size  are  given  on  p.  6  (fig.  25), 
the  first  being  the  one  quoted  by  Linnaeus.  Baster's 
species  (t.  10,  f.  5)  is  usually  referred  to  the  Ascidia 
ampulla  of  Bruguiere,  and  is  most  probably  a  Cynthia. 
"Act.  nidros."  refers  to  Gunner's  paper  on  Tethyum 
sociabile.  His  figures  (t.  3,  ff.  3,  4)  quoted  by  Linnaeus 
are  reproduced  on  p.  7  (fig.  26).  It  is  very  doubtful 
whether  they  represent  Ciona  intestinaUs,  and  if  they 
do  not,  this  species  as  now  understood  is  not  that  to 
which  Linnseus  gave  the  name  intestinaUs,  and  most 
of  the  earlier  references  on  p.  9  under  the  name  Ascidia 
intestinaUs  will  fall. 

Miiller  follows  Linnaeus  in  his  '  Prodromus,'  but 
omits  the  species,  at  least  by  this  name,  from  the 
'  Zoologia  Danica.' 


D  BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 

Bosc  quotes  Bohadsch  only ;  his  species  must  there- 
fore be  relegated  to  dona  fascicularis  or  a  near  ally. 

The  reference  of  Miiller's  Ascidia  corrugata  to  Ciona 
intestinalis  is  open  to  doubt. 

The  other  references  are  probably  correct.  The 
Ascidia  viridescens  of  the  '  Encyclopedic  Methodique  ' 
is  the  "  Sacanimal  "  of  Dicquemare  (1777). 

The  title  of  a  work  given  in  Dryander's  '  Catalogue 
of  the  Banksian  Library'  (1796)  led  the  Editor  to'the 
interesting  discovery  that  Ciona  intestinalis  had  been 


Fig. 


Fig.  5. 


FIG.  25. — Tethyum  fasciculat um  Bohadsch.  ('Anim.  Marin.'  pi.  x,  figs.  4 
and  5.)  In  fig.  4,  b  represents  the  "  peduncles "  ;  in  fig.  5,  a  a,  are 
young  Tethyi  ;  b  l>,  "  small  foetuses." 

well  described  and  figured  between  the  dates  of  the 
10th  and  12th  editions  of  the  '  Systema  Nature.' 
The  title  is  "  Vandelli,  Dominicus.  Epistola  de  Holo- 
thurio  et  Testudine  coriacea.  Patavii,  1761.  4°." 
Vandelli  calls  his  holothurian  "  Holotlturiitm  Ixve,  diclio- 
Innitim,  fuels  marinis  alligdtum"  It  is  certainly  the 
species  now  under  consideration,  as  his  figures,  repro- 
duced on  p.  8  on  a  reduced  scale  (fig.  27),  clearly  show. 
They  appear  to  be  the  earliest  representations  of  the 
anatomy  of  a  Tunicate,  and  are  remarkably  accurate 
for  the  time  at  which  he  wrote.  Following  the  custom 


CIONA. 


of  that  time  lie  called  his  essay  a  letter,  and  he  addressed 
it  to  Linnaeus,  but  although  the  work  was  printed  six 
years  before  the  12th  edition  of  the  '  Sy sterna ' 
appeared,  it  is  not  referred  to  in  that  edition,  nor  is  it 
in  Grmeliii's  edition  of  1791  ;  indeed  it  appears  to  have 
been  entirely  overlooked  by  all  subsequent  writers 
with  the  exception  of  Dryander  who  correctly  cata- 
logued the  work.  Linnaeus  appears  to  have  had  a 
copy,  for  there  is  one  in  his  library  in  the  possession 
of  the  Linnean  Society  ;  that  in  the  Banksian  Library 
is  of  course  in  the  British  Museum. 


|   ,    •  li,!!:!-'  I 


FIG.  26. —  Teihyum  sociabile  Gunner.  ('Trondhj.  Selsk.  Schrift.'  Ill,  pi.  iii, 
figs.  3  and  4.)  In  fig.  3  (test),  a,  threads  (of  attachment)  ;  b,  c,  nipples 
(worter).  In  fig.  4  (mantle),  a,  belly  ;  b,  neck  ;  c,  month  ;  d,  e,  nipples 
or  worts  on  each  side  of  mouth;  /,  anal  tube  ("  K<pr  som  gaaer  op  til 
anus"). 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  known  Tunicates.  It  is 
the  Mentula  marina  of  Redi  in  his  '  Osservazione  .  .  . 
intorno  agli  Animali  Viventi,  die  si  trovano  negli 
Animali  Viventi,'  p.  183,  pi.  xxi,  f.  6  (Firenze,  1684), 
and  it  is  almost  certainly  also  Rondelet's  "  other 
species "  of  Mentula  marina  in  his  '  Universse  aqua- 
tilium  Historian  pars  altera,  cum  veris  ipsorum  Imagi- 
nibus,'  p.  129,  fig.  (Lugduni,  1555). 

With  regard  to  the  other  British  species  of  Ciona 
which  are  described  in  the  present  work,  it  has  been 
stated  above  that  one,  C.  fascicularis  Hanc.,  closely 


8 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


FIG.  27. — Holothurium  Iseve  Vandelli.     ('  Epist.  de  Holoth./  pi.  i.) 


Fig.  1.  «.  tuba  major. 
l>.  fimbria. 

c.  tuba  minor. 

d.  callosa  prominentia. 
Fig.  2.  a.  tuba  major. 

I.  tuba  minor. 

c.  puncta  rubra. 

d.  puncta  rubra. 

e.  fasciculus    fibraruni,    avis 

vasiculorum. 

f.  fibrse  annulares. 
Fig.  3.  a.  interna  sacci  cavitas. 


Fig.  3.  c.  tuba. 

d.  O3sophagus. 

e.  intestina  principium. 
1.  vascailum. 

Fig.  4,  5.  a.  intestini   pars,   qute   e 
sacco  exit. 

b.  an  ovarium  ? 

c.  glandula. 

d.  vas  album 

e.  punctum  rubrum. 

[/.  tuba  major,   g.  tuba  minor.] 
I.  vasculxuii. 


CIONA.  9 

resembles  Tethyum  fasciculatum  figured  by  Bohadsch 
in  1761;  another,  C.  pnlcliella  Alder,  was  figured  by 
Blainville  in  1827  as  Ascidia  intestinalis ;  and  the 
remaining  species,  Ciona  canina  (Mull.),  is  described 
in  this  monograph  as  an  Ascidia  (see  Vol.  I,  p.  122).] 

1.  Ciona  intestinalis  (Linnaeus)  Fleming. 
(Plate  I,  figs.  1-5;  and  fig.  28  in  text). 

[Holothurium  leeve  VANDELLI  De  Holothurio  (1761),  p.  5, 
pi.  i.] 

[?  Tetliijum  socidbile  GUNNER  in  Trondj.  Selsk.  Schrift.  Ill 
(1765),  pp.81,  99,  pi.  iii,  ff.  3,  4,  and  (German  transl.) 
Drouth.  Gess.  Schrift,  III  (1767),  pp.  69,  85,  pi.  iii, 
ff.  3,  4.] 

Ascidia  intestinalis  LINNAEUS  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  12  [I,  pt.  2 
(1767)],  p.  1087  [?  pars'];  [P.  MULLER  Linne  vollst. 
'  Natursyst.  1,  1  (1775),  p.  85  (non  fig.) ;]  0.  F.  MULLER 
Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.  [1776],  p.  225,  no.  2733;  [(?)  ELLIS  & 
SOLANDER  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  (1786),  p.  49;  BRUGUIERE 
Hist.  Nat.  Yers,  I  (3789),  p.  154  (pars),  inEncycl.  Meth.; 
BORY  DE  ST.  VINCENT  Vers,  etc.  I  (1791),  p.  135,  pi.  Ixiv, 
ff.  4-6  (non  1-3,  7),  in  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth.;  GMELIN 
Linmei  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  13,1,  pt,  6  (1791),  p.  3123  (pars)  ;] 
CUVIER  [Mem.  Ascidies  in  Mem.  du  Mus.  II  (1815),  p.  32, 
pi.  ii,  ff.  4-7  ;]  Mem.  Ascid.  p.  23,  pi.  ii,  ff.  4-7,  in  Mem. 
des  Moll.  [(1817)  ;  and  Regiie  Aiiim.  II  (1817),  p.  498; 
DUVERNOY  Ascid.  in  Diet,  Sci.  Nat.  Ill  (1816),  p.  195 
(pars)  ;  LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  1,  III 
(1816),  p.  126  (pars)  •  DELLE  CHIAJE  Mem.  Anim.  senza 
Vert.  Ill  (1828),  pp.  186,  199  (pars)  ;]  STARK  Elem.  Nat. 
Hist.  II  [1828],  p.  117;  [BANG  Hist.  nat.  Moll.  (1829), 
p.  352 ;  COLDSTREAM  in  Edinb.  new  Philos.  Journ.  IX 
(1830),  p.  240;  GRAVENHORST  Pergestina  (1831),  p.  41; 
HOEVEN  Handb.  Dierk.  II  (1833),  p.  33;  JOHNSTON  in 
Mao-.  Nat.  Hist.  VI  (1833),  p.  242;  FORBES  &  GOODSIR 
in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1839  (1840),  Sect.  p.  80;] 
LAMARCK  Hist,  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  ed  2,  III  [1840], 
p.  533  (pars)  ;  [MiLNE  EDWARDS  Obs.  Asc.  comp.  in  Mem. 
Acad.  Sci.  List.  France,  XVIII  (1841),  p.  228;  DE  KAY 
Zool.  New  York,  Moll.  (1843),  p.  259;]  MACGILLIVRAY 
Moll.  Anim.  Aberdeen  [1843],  p.  313  ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK 
in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,  I  [1848],  p.  199; 


10  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

• 

DALYELL  Rare  Anim.  Scotl.  II  [1848],  p.  142,  pi.  xxxiv, 
ff.  4,  5;  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  31; 
[CocKs  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  for  1849  (1850), 
p.  73;  JOHNSTON  Iiitrod.  Conch.  (1850),  p.  279;  RUPERT 
JONES  in  Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  pp.  1201-1211 
passim  ;  FORBES  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1850  (1851),  p. 
243;  NORMAN  in  Zoologist,  XV  (1857),  p.  5707;  CHENU 
Eiicycl.  Hist.  Nat.,  Moll.  etc.  (1858),  p.  246;  DICKIE  in 
Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1857  (1858),  p.  Ill;  SARS  in 
Forh.  Vid.-Selsk.  Christ.  1858  (1859),  p.  64;  BRONN 
Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861),  p.  121;  ANSTED  &  LATHAM 
Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219;  SCHULTZE  in  Zeits.  f.  wiss. 
Zool.  XII,  2  (1862),  p.  178  ;  ALDER  in  Nat,  Hist.  Trans. 
Northumb.  Durh.  I  (1865),  p.  11;  KOWALEVSKY  in  Mem. 
Acad.  Imp.  Petersb.  (7)  X,  no.  15  (1866),  pp.  3,  4,  11, 
pi.  i-ii,  ff.  1-27,  and  (abstr.)  in  Q.  J.  Micr.  Sci.  n.s.  X 
(1870),  p.  59 ;  MclNTOSH  in  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.  VI  (1866) 
p.  605;  WAGNER  in  Bull.  Acad.  Imp.  Petersb.  X  (1866), 
col.  402,  fig. ;  ALDER  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867), 
p.  207  ;  NORMAN  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1868  (1869), 
p.  302] . 

[?]  Ascidia  corrugata  0.  F.  MULLER  [Zool.  Dan.  Prodr. 
(1776),  p.  225,  no.  2735;  Zool.  Dan.  Descr.  (1779),  p. 
118  ;  Zool.  Dan.  Icon.  II  (1780),  pi.  Ixxix,  ff.  3,  4;  and] 
Zool.  Danica,  II  (1788),  p.  54,  pi.  Ixxix,  ff.  3,  4; 
[BRUGUIERE  Hist.  Nat,  Vers.  I  (1789),  p.  156,  in  Encycl. 
Meth.;  BORY  DE  ST.  VINCENT  Vers,  etc.  I  (1791),  p.  135, 
pi.  Ixiii,  ff.  7,  8,  in  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth. ;  GMELIN  Linnasi 
Syst.  Nat.  ed.  13, 1,  pt,  6  (1791),  p.  3126 ;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat. 
Vers,  I  (1802),  p.  105;  LAMARCK  Hist.  Anim.  sans  Vert, 
ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p.  126,  and  ed.  2,  III  (1840),  p.  533]. 

[Sacanimal  DICQUEMARE  in  Obs.  sur  la  Phys.  (Journ.  de 
Phys.),  IX  (1777),  p.  137,  pi.  i,  ff.  1-7.] 

Ascidia  mridescens  BRUGUIERE  Hist.  Nat.  Vers,  I  [(1789), 
p.  152],  in  Eiicycl.  Meth.;  [Bosc  Hist.  Nat.  Vers.  1  (1802), 
p.  106;  FLEMING  in  Edinb.  Encycl.  II  (1811),  p.  544]. 

Pli.allusia  intestinalis  SAVIGNY  [in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Nat,  I 
(1809),  pt,  2,  p.  46,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  pt.  2 
[1816],  pp.  107,  1 15,  169  [pars'],  pi.  xi,  f.  1  ;  [FLEMING  in 
Edinb.  Encycl.  XIV  (1820),  p.  631 ;  RissoHist.Nat.  Europ. 
merid.  IV  (1826),  p.  275;  GARNER  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
Lond.  XVII  (1835),  p.  485;  THOMPSON  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. 
(1)  V  (1844),  p.  95;  LEUNIS  Syiiops.  Naturreiche,  I, 
Zool.  (1844),  p.  412;  VAN  BENEDEN  Rech.  Asc.  simples, 
p.  20,  in  Mem.  cour.  Acad.  Roy.  Belg.  XX  (1846)  ;] 


CIONA    INTESTINALIS.  11 

* 

THOMPSON  Nat,  Hist,  Ireland,  IV  [1856],  p.  361 ;  [BEONN 
Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861),  p.  154;  GRUBE  Mittheil.  iiber 
St.Malo  Meeres-fauna  (1868),  p.  7,  and  in  Abh.  Schles. 
Gesell.  1868-69  (1869),  pp.  104,  125;  LANGSWEEET  in 
Ann.  Soc.  Malac.  Belg.  Ill  (1868),  Mem.  p.  115;  STEPA- 
NOFF  in  Bull.  Acacl.  Imp.  Petersb.  XIII  (1869),  col.  209]. 

[Ascidia  virescens  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  ed.  5,  IV  (1812), 
p.  99  ;  DESMAEEST  &  LESSDEUE  in  Journ.  de  Phys.  LXXX 
(1815),  p.  426,  pi.  i,  f.  14.] 

[Ascidia  sp.  SCHALCK  De  Ascid.  struct.  (1814),  with  plate.] 

[Ciona  Ascidia  intestinalis  FLEMING  Philos.  Zool.  II  (1822), 
p.  512.] 

Ciona  intestinahs  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  [1828],  p.  468; 
[GARNER  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  XVII  (1835),  pi.  xxiv, 
f.  1;  FLEMING  Brit.  Moll.  (1837),  p.  210,  pi.  xvi,  f.  58; 
HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist.  (4)  VI  (1870),  p.  364; 
KUPFFER  in  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat,  VI  (1870),  p.  116]. 

[Ascidia  ocellata  L.  AGASSTZ  in  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  II  (1850), 
p.  159.] 

Body  elongated,  subcylindrical,  flaccid,  highly  con- 
tractile, the  upper  parts  retractile  within  the  lower, 
greenish  yellow  (nearly  white  when  young),  attached 
more  or  less  by  the  side  or  diagonally  at  the  lower 
part.  Apertures  terminal,  approximate,  forming  snort 
tubes,  their  margins  bright  yellow,  with  red  ocelli 
(PI.  XXI,  fig.  4).  Test  soft,  gelatinous,  smooth,  trans- 
parent, lax  in  texture  and  composed  of  distinct  outer 
and  inner  layers.  Mantle  greenish  yellow  with  strong 
longitudinal  muscular  bands  which  appear  through  the 
test.  Tentacular  filaments  numerous,  long,  and  slender. 
Branchial  sac  with  broad,  slightly-curved  papillae  at 
the  intersections.  Oral  filaments  long. 

Length  three  or  four  inches. 

Hob. — On  stones,  at  the  roots  of  Alga3,  and  within 
old  bivalve  shells,  ranging  from  between  tide-marks  to 
deep  water. 

Not  uncommon  on  most  parts  of  the  British  coast. 
[Especially  abundant  in  the  north  (Forbes  $•  Hanletj}.~\ 

ENGLAND. —  [Coast  of  Northumberland  and  Dogger 
Bank  (Alder,  1865).  Harbour,  Grwyllyn-vase,  Swan- 


12  BEITISH    TUNICATA. 

• 

pool,  and  Helforcl  River,  Falmouth,  Cornwall  (Cocks, 
1849).] 

WALES. — [Anglesey  (Pennant,  1812).] 

SCOTLAND. — [Aberdeen  (Macgillivray,  1843).  North 
Uist,  Outer  Hebrides  (Mclntosh,  1866).  "In  Zetland 
seas  "  (Fleming,  1828).  Orkney  and  Shetland  (Forbes 
$•  Goodsir,  1839).  West  Voe,  Whalsey  Skerries, 
Shetland,  at  low  water  (Norman,  1868).] 

IRELAND. — [Strangford  Lough,  Down  (Thompson, 
1840).] 

First  record.— Fleming,  1828.  [(?)  Ellis  &  Solander, 
1786.  Pennant,  1812,  as  Ascidia  virescens ;  coll.  1 800.] 

Ciona  intestinalis  is  remarkable  for  the  softness  and 
great  contractility  of  its  test  (PL  XXI,  figs.  1-3) ; 
when  contracted  the  upper  part  is  capable  of  being 
withdrawn  within  the  lower  part  like  the  finger  of  a 
glove,  and  the  latter  is  much  shortened  and  thrown 
into  transverse  wrinkles.  Usually  it  is  extensively 
attached  by  the  side,  the  anterior  extremity  being 
more  or  less  free,  so  as  to  admit  of  its  invagination. 
The  vascularity  of  the  test  is  confined  to  the  lower 
part ;  the  branches  are  not  numerous  and  terminate  in 
slightly  enlarged,  elliptical  extremities. 

The  mantle  (fig.  28)  is  remarkable  for  the  strength 
of  the  longitudinal  muscular  bands  which  pass  into 
the  tubes  and  reach  to  the  bottom  of  the  pallia!  sac, 
where  the  component  fibres  are  separated  a  little ;  the 
transverse  fibres  are  very  delicate  and  seem  to  be 
chiefly  confined  to  the  left  side. 

The  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXI,  fig.  5),  like  the  body, 
is  considerably  elongated;  it  does  not  reach  to  the 
bottom  of  the  mantle,  though  it  overlies  a  little  the 

O 

left  side  of  the  first  intestinal  loop. 

The  stomach  is  a  well-defined,  ovate  sac,  lying  trans- 
versely in  the  visceral  chamber,  the  wide  or  cesophageal 
extremity  towards  the  ventral  margin.  The  oesophagus 
is  a  broad  tube  of  some  length ;  it  turns  immediately 
upwards  from  the  stomach  and  opens  into  the  bottom 
of  the  branchial  sac  at  the  ventral  margin;  the  intestine 


CIONA    INTESTINALIS.  13 

is  wider  than  the  oesophagus  and  is  of  equal  calibre 
throughout;  and  in  passing  from  the  dorsal  to  the 
ventral  margin  it  forms  a  deep  sigmoidal  curve,  or 
two  open  loops,  and  then,  turning  upwards  it  advances, 
adherent  to  the  ventral  margin  of  the  branchial  sac  for 
some  distance,  to  the  atrium,  where  it  opens  through 
a  wide  orifice  with  a  reflected,  denticulated  margin. 
The  ovary  lies  suspended  in  a  membrane  Avithin  the 


FIG.  28. — Mantle  of  dona  intestinalis.     Natural  size.     v.t.  Blood-vessel 

leading  to  test. 

first  intestinal  loop  and  at  the  right  side  of  the 
stomach ;  it  is  an  elongated  clavate  body  with  the 
thickened  extremity  curved ;  and  the  attenuated  end 
turned  towards  the  ventral  margin.  The  oviduct  is 
given  off  from  this  tapering  extremity,  and,  accom- 
panied by  the  vas  deferens,  it  advances  upwards  by 
the  left  side  of  the  intestine,  opening  into  the  upper 
portion  of  the  atrium  considerably  in  advance  of  the 
anal  orifice ;  the  extremity  is  enlarged  into  a  small 
bulb.  The  male  cgeca  are  quite  minute  and  are 


14  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

spread  over  the  lower  portion  of  the    intestine    and 
stomach. 

C.  intestinal  is  is  not  uncommon  in  Finmark  and  the 
whole  of  the  Norwegian  coast,  on  stony  ground  in  the 
Coralline  and  Laminarian  zones,  also  in  Greenland 
and  North  America  (Sara). 

2.  Ciona  pulchella  (Aider). 
(Plate  T,  figs.  6-8). 

[Ascidia  intestinalis  BLAINVILLE  Man.  Malac.  et  Conch. 
(1825),  p.  583  (1827),  pi.  Ixxxii,  f.  3;  CUVIER  Anim. 
Kingd.  (transl.  of  ed.  2),  III  (1834),  p.  114,  and  (1837), 
pi.  xliii  ter.,  f.  2;  MACGILLIVEAY  Conch.  Text-hook  (1845), 
p.  207,  pi.  xx,  f.  7.] 

Asridia  pulchella  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  157  ;  [(MS.  sp.j  in  Aiisted's  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219] . 

'Bod n  elongated,  cylindrical,  reddish,  pale  yellow,  or 
hyaline  white,  attached  by  a  rounded  base,  and  capable 
of  great  retraction.  Apertures  tubular,  terminal ;  the 
branchial  much  the  longer,  nearly  one  third  the  length 
of  the  body,  and  continuous  in  outline  with  it;  the 
atrial  about  half  as  long  as  the  branchial  and  a  little 
narrower,  projecting  diagonally ;  both  orifices  with 
bright  crimson  ocelli.  A  deep  impressed  line  runs 
from  between  the  terminal  tubes  to  nearly  the  base  of 
the  body.  Test  (PL  XXI,  figs.  6  and  7)  soft,  smooth, 
hyaline,  and  transparent.  Mantle  (PL  XXI,  fig.  8) 
yellowish,  passing  to  red  above,  or  sometimes  colour- 
less, with  longitudinal  muscular  bands  narrower  than 
in  G.  intestinalis.  Tentacular  filaments  [stout  (Alder, 
1.  c.)].  Branchial  sac  with  rather  broad  papillae. 

Length,  an  inch  or  a  little  more. 

Hab. — [Below  low  water-mark.] 

ENGLAND. — Salcombe  Bay,  Devon  (Hincks).  Fowey 
Harbour,  Cornwall  (Peach). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey,  dredged  (Nor man}. 
First  record. — Alder,  1863. 

This  pretty  species  comes  very  near  to  Ciona  infest i- 


CiONA    PULCHELLA.  15 

nalis,  from  which  it  differs  in  size  and  colour  [being- 
much  smaller  and  never  tinged  with  green]  ;  but  more 
especially  in  the  [greater]  length  of  the  tubular  orifices, 
which  project  considerably  beyond  the  body  when 
extended.  Not  having  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
it  in  a  living  state,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Peach  for 
the  drawing  from  which  the  accompanying  figures  are 
taken,  and  to  Mr.  Hincks  for  some  of  the  details. 

3.  Ciona  fascicularis  Hancock. 
(Plate  II,  figs.  1-8  ;  and  fig.  29  in  text.) 

[?  Tetlnjum  fasciculatnm  BOHADSCH  Anim.  Marin.   (1761), 

p.  132,  pi.  x,  if.  4-6.] 
[?  Ascidia  intestinalis  LINN^US  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  12,  I  (1767), 

pt.  2,  p.   1087   (pars)  ;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat,  Vers,  I   (1802), 

p.  107  ;  BARBUT  Gen.  Verm.  (1783),  p.  50,  pi.  v,  f.  3.] 
Ciona  fascicnlaris   HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.    [(4)    VI 

(1870),  p.  364]. 

Bod//  much  elongated,  sub-cylindrical,  flaccid,  highly 
contractile,  colourless,  or  tinged  yellowish  from  the 
mantle  and  viscera  appearing  through  it ;  attached  by 
the  side  of  the  base ;  the  lower  extremity  with 
numerous,  rather  long  cylindrical  papillge.  Apertures 
tubular,  short,  yellowish,  with  red  ocelli;  the  branchial 
terminal,  the  atrial  at  a  short  distance  down  the 
ventral  margin.  Test  soft,  smooth,  gelatinous,  perfectly 
hyaline.  Mantle  delicate,  pale  yellow,  and  extremely 
transparent,  all  the  visceral  organs  being  distinctly 
seen  through  it ;  tubes  short,  cylindrical,  and  more 
highly  coloured  than  the  rest  of  the  mantle.  Branchial 
sac  long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  with  rather  long  papillae, 
non-plicate.  Oral  filaments  long,  slender,  numerous. 
Tentacular  filaments  numerous,  long  and  slender,  with 
short  intermediate  ones,  set  in  a  single  row  on  a 
narrow  scalloped  fold  or  collar. 

Length  from  two  to  three  inches ;  breadth  [nearly] 
half  an  inch. 


16 


BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 


IRELAND.  —  Kilkieraii     Bay,     Connemara,     Gralwaj' 
(More). 

First  record 


The   body 
elongated  and 
slightly  to  the 
duced  and  is 
tremity   it   is 


.—Hancock,  1870;  coll.  More,  1869. 

of  this  very  distinct  species  is  much 
almost  cylindrical ;  it  tapers,  however, 
branchial  tube,  which  is  not  much  pro- 
exactly  terminal.  At  the  inferior  ex- 
a  little  enlarged  or  clavate.  The  test 


FIG.  29. — Tentacles  of  dona  fascicularis.     Highly  magnified. 

(PI.  XXII,  fig.  1)  is  so  perfectly  transparent  that  the 
reticulations  of  the  branchial  sac  are  visible  through  it. 
The  atrial  tube  is  placed  a  short  way  down  the  ventral 
margin,  and  is  only  slightly  produced.  The  lower 
enlarged  extremity  is  rounded,  and  for  a  little  way  up 
is  covered  with  numerous,  rather  long,  cylindrical 
papillae ;  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  perfectly  smooth  and 
is  very  soft  throughout ;  it  is  quite  devoid  of  colour 
except  at  the  apertures,  which  are  slightly  tinged 
with  yellow,  and  the  viscera  impart  a  yellow  hue, 
particularly  to  the  lower  part.  The  vascular  ramifi- 
cations are  confined  to  the  inferior  extremity,  and 
penetrate  the  external  papillae. 

The    mantle    (PI.    XXII,    figs.   2-4)   is   excessively 
delicate,   very  transparent,   and  tinged  slightly  with 


CIONA    FASCICULARIS.  17 

yellow,  or  nearly  colourless.  The  longitudinal  muscular 
hands  are  extremely  delicate,  so  much  so  that  it  is 
difficult  to  trace  them ;  they  extend,  however,  into  the 
tubes  and  reach  to  the  bottom  of  the  pallia!  sac,  where 
the  fibres  are  a  little  diffused. 

The  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  5)  is  extremely 
elongated  and  nearly  cylindrical ;  the  primary  vessels 
are  very  regularly  disposed,  the  larger  ones  having 
three  or  four  smaller  between  them.  The  oral  filaments 
are  long,  slender  above,  and  widened  a  little  at  the  base; 
they  correspond  in  number  to  the  large  primary  vessels. 
The  branchial  tubercle  is  small  and  transversely  oval. 
The  tentacular  filaments  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  8,  and  fig.  29  in 
text)  are  arranged  on  a  narrow  undulated  fold  or  collar  ; 
they  are  long  and  slender  with  intermediate  short  ones ; 
in  all  about  seventy.  They  are  quite  colourless. 

The  alimentary  tube  is  disposed  much  in  the  same 
manner  as  it  is  in  C.  intestinalis,  only  it  is  more  de- 
cidedly pendant,  as  it  were,  from  the  branchial  sac ; 
and  the  stomach,  instead  of  being  placed  across  the 
visceral  chamber,  hangs  downwards ;  the  oesophagus, 
which  is  rather  long  and  narrow,  enters  it  above,  and 
the  intestine  leaves  it  below ;  it  is  well  marked  and  is 
pretty-regularly  oval.  The  intestine  sinks  to  the 
bottom  of  the  mantle,  and  then,  turning  upwards  and 
backwards,  forms  a  short  open  loop  ;  it  crosses  over 
on  the  right  side  of  the  stomach  in  a  sigmoidal  curve, 
and  on  reaching  the  ventral  margin  passes  up  by  the 
side  of  the  branchial  *sac  to  the  lower  end  of  the 
atrium,  terminating  about  one  third  up  the  body.  The 
margin  of  the  anal  opening  is  lobed  and  reflected. 

The  ovary  is  placed  in  the  intestinal  loop  on  the 
right  of  the  stomach ;  it  is  an  elongated,  somewhat 
clavate  mass,  with  the  oviduct  passing  from  the 
attenuated  extremity.  The  genital  outlets  are  placed 
high  up  in  the  atrium,  not  much  below  the  atrial  tube 
and  considerably  in  advance  of  the  anal  orifice ;  two 
canals  end  in  a  compound  nipple  with  a  double  outlet, 
or  rather,  in  two  minute  nipples  placed  side  by  side. 

TI.  2 


18  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

For  specimens  of  tins  very  distinct  and  interesting 
species  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  A.  G-.  More,  who  col- 
lected it  in  considerable  abundance  in  Kilkieran  Bay, 
(Jonnemara,  in  1869.  The  specimens  were  for  the 
most  part  united  towards  the  base  into  dense  clusters, 
the  upper  portions  being  quite  free.  The  aggregation 
is  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  papillae,  which  clothe 
the  sides  of  the  basal  extremity  of  the  test ;  the  attach- 
ment is  consequently  lateral.  The  common  mass  had 
apparently  been  fixed  by  the  same  means  to  some 
foreign  bod}7. 


Genus  3.     CORELLA    Alder  &  Hancock,  1870. 

[Ascidia  (pars)  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Daiiica,  II  (1788),  p.  11.] 
[Phallusia  ML-RKAY  in  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.  IV  (1859),  p. 

149.] 
Corella   ALDER    &    HANCOCK   in  Aim.    Nat.    Hist.    [(4)  VI 

(1870),  p.  362]. 

Body  subquadrate,  rounded,  or  ovate,  coriaceous, 
very  slightly  contractile,  rather  compressed,  attached 
mostly  by  the  base.  Apertures  as  in  Ascidia,  the  bran- 
chial 8-lobed,  the  atrial  6-lobed,  each  with  small  ocelli. 
Test  smooth  and  diaphanous.  Mantle  often  brightly 
coloured.  Tentacular  filaments  linear,  unbranched. 
liraiK-ldal  sac  with  the  meshes  regularly  and  beauti- 

O  e/ 

fully  convoluted,  framed  in  squares  formed  by  stout, 
secondary  rectilinear  vessels  and  the  primary  trans- 
verse vessels.  Viscera  sinistral,  the  stomach  placed 
low,  with  the  intestine  bending  backwards  and  down- 
wards on  the  left  side,  passing  along  the  base  of  the 
mantle,  and  rising  in  front  to  the  anal  aperture.  Ee- 
productive  organs  on  both  sides,  the  oviduct  following 
the  line  of  the  intestine. 

The  above  genus  was  characterized  when  only  a 
single  species  was  known,  namely  the  so-called  Ascidia 
parallelogramma,  which  differs  in  so  many  important 
characters  from  the  species  with  which  it  was  associ- 


COBELLA.  19 

ated  that  we  deemed  it  right  to  make  the  change. 
Since  then  two  other  very  interesting  species  have 
been  discovered  which  agree  in  all  essential  characters 
with  this  type ;  thus  in  a  measure  justifying  the 
establishment  of  the  genus,  the  members  of  which  are 
all  sinistral.  The  alimentary  tube  is  very  differently 
disposed  from  that  of  Ascll'm  ;  the  heart  occupies  a 
different  position,  and  the  spiral  arrangement  of  tlie 
secondary  branchial  vessels  seems  alone  sufficient  to 
distinguish  the  genus. 

As  the  internal  organization  is  very  similar  in  all  the 
three  species,  we  will  confine  the  following  description 
of  it  to  that  of  G.  parallelogramma,  which  we  consider 
the  type  form.  This  animal  is  scarcely  more  remark- 
able for  its  internal  organization  than  it  is  for  the 
brilliant  colouring  of  its  mantle,  and  for  the  smoothness, 
transparency,  and  glossiness  of  its  test,  which  is  thin 
and  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  contractile,  but  possesses 
considerable  elasticitv. 

tj 

The  inner  tunic  or  mantle  is  delicate,  thin,  and 
transparent,  though  usually  highly  coloured.  It  is 
deficiently  supplied  with  muscular  fibres,  which  are 
arranged,  for  the  most  part,  near  the  margin  in  a 
radiating  manner,  the  bundles  being  slender  and  far 
apart.  This  is  the  case  with  the  right  side ;  the  left 
is  almost  deprived  of  muscles,  there  being  only  a  few 
scattered,  delicate  fibres  at  the  base  of  the  inhalant 
tube,  placed  longitudinally.  The  respiratory  tubes 
themselves  are  sparingly  supplied  with  a  few  feeble, 
delicate,  circular  and  longitudinal  fibres. 

The  branchial  sac  (fig.  30)  is  comparatively  short, 
and  is  sub-quadrate  in  form.  It  reaches  to  the  bottom 
of  the  pallial  chamber,  the  posterior  extremity  passing 
on  the  right  of  the  digestive  organs.  The  whole 
aerating  surface  presents  a  rather  coarse  rectangular 
reticulation,  formed  by  the  primary  transverse  vessels, 
and  containing  almost  equally  stout,  longitudinal  secon- 
dary vessels.  The  square  meshes  so  formed  are  in 
transverse  series,  and  are  filled  up  with  pretty-regular 


20 


BRITISH    TTJNICATA. 


spirals  composed  of  minute  secondary  vessels.  Thus 
each  spiral  coil  is  set,  as  it  were,  in  a  square  frame, 
and  forms  a  slightly-conical  eminence  which  projects  a 
little  into  the  branchial  cavity.  A  few  radiating  vessels 
pass  from  the  apex  of  each  cone  to  the  points  where 
the  transverse  channels  are  intersected  by  the  secon- 
dary rectilinear  vessels.  Thus  there  are  usually  four 
such  radiating  vessels  to  each  coil.  The  longitudinal 
bars  are  rigid  and  cord-like ;  they  project  considerably 
from  the  surface  of  the  gill.  The  papillary  membranes 


FIG.   30. — Part  of  the  branchial   sac   of  Corolla  parallelogram/ma.     Much 


enlarged. 


are  ample,  extending  from  bar  to  bar,  and  have  the 
free  margin  considerably  thickened,  as  is  the  case  in 
Axcidia  scalra.  In  Corella,  as  in  Ascidia,  there  are 
no  branchial  papillse  properly  so-called ;  but  the  thick- 
ened edge  of  the  membrane  projecting  from  the  bars 
occasionally  becomes  assimilated  to  papillae. 

The  oral  lamina  is  replaced  by  a  series  of  well- 
developed  filamentous  processes,  wrhich  are  wide  at 
the  base  and  taper  to  fine  points;  they  extend  from 
the  top  of  the  branchial  sac  and  terminate  near  its 


CORELLA.  21 

bottom  at  the  right  side  of  the  mouth.  These,  the 
oral  papillae,  agree  in  number  with  the  transverse 
rows  of  spirals,  or  rather  with  the  primary  vessels 
which  divide  them.  The  branchial  tubercle  is  large 
and  very  little  complicated  in  its  structure.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  simple  loop,  with  its  right  extremity 
projecting  upwards  considerably  above  the  other,  which 
is  turned  inwards.  The  endostyle  reaches  from  one 
end  of  the  sac  to  the  other.  Both  the  anterior  and 
posterior  cords  in  connexion  with  its  extremities  are 
well  developed.  The  tentacular  filaments  at  the  base 
of  the  inhalant  tube  are  numerous,  long,  delicate,  and 
simple  ;  they  are  nearly  of  uniform  size.  The  nervous 
ganglion  is  minute,  and  is  of  the  usual  elongated  form. 
The  nerves,  which  cannot  be  traced  very  far,  go  to 
supply  the  mantle  or  inner  tunic  and  the  respiratory 
tubes. 

The  heart,  unlike  that  of  Ascidin,  is  stretched  along 
the  anterior  border  of  the  stomach,  and  lies  within  a 
pericardial  chamber  which  is  situated  in  the  thickness 
of  the  mantle  or  inner  tunic  on  the  left  side  of  the 
branchial  sac.  From  the  dorsal  extremity  of  the 
organ  a  branch  is  given  off  which  divides  immediately 
into  two  branches,  one  of  which  passes  upwards,  the 
other  downwards  in  connection  with  the  endostyle, 
and  both  go  to  form  the  great  dorsal,  branchial  sinus 
or  channel.  Another  branch  also  leaves  this  extremity 
of  the  heart  and  becomes  at  once  associated  with  a 
branch  of  equal  size  which  seems  to  come  from  the 
right-hand  side  of  the  stomach.  These  two  vessels 
thus  associated  pass  into  the  test  within  which  they 
ramify.  From  the  ventral  extremity  of  the  heart  a 
vessel  is  apparently  given  off  to  each  side  of  the 
cardiac  end  of  the  stomach.  Further  than  this  the 
blood-system  has  not  been  traced,  though  there  is  no 
reason  to  suppose  that  it  differs  in  any  important 
respect  from  that  of  Ascidia. 

The  digestive  system  is  considerably  modified.  The 
mouth  is  large  and  circular,  with  a  wide  fleshy  lip  or 


22 


BRITISH    TUXIC ATA. 


rim  open  in  front.  The  oesophagus  is  distinctly  marked; 
it  is  a  rather  short  constricted  tube  stretching  from 
the  ventral  or  anterior  extremity  of  the  stomach, 
which  is  a  large  elliptical  organ,  somewhat  laterally 
compressed,  tying  transversely  near  to  the  bottom  of 
the  pallia!  cavity,  to  the  left  wall  of  which  it  is  adhe- 
rent. The  posterior  extremity  of  the  branchial  sac 
overlies  the  right  side  of  the  stomach.  The  intestine 
at  its  origin  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  stomach ;  it 
passes  from  the  dorsal  end  of  that  organ,  and,  bending 


FIG.  31. — Biliary  ducts  in  Corella parallelogramnm.     x.   about  30.    (Kechicecl 
one-half  from  drawing  made  with  1  inch  object-glass.) 

backwards  and  downwards,  courses  along  the  lower 
mar-gin  of  the  stomach  at  the  bottom  of  the  pallial 
chamber ;  it  then  passes  up  the  ventral  margin  in  a 
straight  line  adherent  to  the  branchial  sac  until  it 
reaches  the  cloaca  situated  at  the  base  of  the  exhalant 
tube,  where,  contracting  a  little,  it  terminates.  The 
anal  orifice  is  bordered  with  a  smooth,  wide,  reflected, 
lobed  rim. 

The  mucous  membrane  lining  the  stomach  is  thick 
and  is  thrown  into  strong,  mostly  longitudinal  wrinkles, 
which  are  arranged  with  some  degree  of  regularity. 


COR ELLA. 


On  account  of  the  transparency  of  the  outer  wall, 
these  folds  of  the  lining  membrane  are  distinctly  dis- 
played externally,  and  give  quite  an  ornamental 
appearance  to  the  organ.  The  mucous  membrane  of 
the  oesophagus  is  also  longitudinally  folded ;  that  of 
the  intestine  is  not  so. 

The  hepatic  organ  (figs.  81  and  32),  like  the  rest 
of  the  digestive  system,  is  also  remarkably  modified. 
The  ultimate  structure  of  the  liver  is  composed  of  a 
minute  network  of  anastomosing  tubes  spread  over  the 


FIG.  32. — Biliary  ducts  in  Corella  parallelogramma.     x  alxmt  60.     (Eeduced 
one-half  from  drawing  made  with  ^  inch  object-glass.) 

outer  surface  of  the  intestine,  the  interstitial  meshes 
being  filled  up  with  still  more  minute  anastomosing 
and  branched  tubes  forming  as  many  systems,  the 
ultimate  (terminal)  twigs  of  which  end  in  blind  sacs, 
occasionally  a  little  enlarged  and  rounded,  and  some- 
times bifid.  The  main  branches  leading  from  the  net- 
work exhibit  a  tendency  to  divide  dichotomously,  and 
unite  to  form  two  slender  ducts  which  pass  at  once 
from  the  intestine  to  the  left  side  and  close  to  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  stomach,  into  which  they 


24  BRITISH    TUN1CATA. 

pour  the  biliary  secretion  a  little  in   advance   of  the 
pylorus. 

The  reproductive   organs  (fig.  33)  are  spread  over 
both    sides    of    the   digestive    tube.      The    ovarv  is    a 


FIG.  33.  —  Reproductive  organs  in  (V>/v//i/  jun-nUcJoiji-i'mma.     Magnified. 


branched  and  tabulated  organ,  most  profusely  dis- 
tributed over  the  right  side  of  the  pyloric  extremity 
of  the  stomach  and  the  looped  portion  of  the  intestine  ; 


a 

FIG.  34. — Male  vesicle  in  Corella  parallelogramma.     More  highly  magnified. 

a.  Tube  leading  to  vas  deferens. 

a  few  dendritic  branches  only  are  seen  on  the  left  side 
of  these  organs.  The  oviduct  is  a  long,  rather  slender 
tube ;  it  passes  through  the  loop  formed  by  the 
doubling  of  the  intestine,  to  the  left  side,  and  then, 


CORELLA.  25 

running  forward  in  contact  with  the  lower  margin  of 
the  stomach,  it  passes  upwards  attached  to  the  left 
side  of  the  intestine,  and  opens  into  the  cloaca 
close  by  the  anal  tube.  The  male  secreting  vesicles 
(fig.  34)  are  much  larger  than  usual  and  are  spread 
over  both  sides  of  the  stomach  and  intestine  asso- 
ciated with  the  ovary.  They  are  elongated,  branched, 
and  irregular  in  form  ;  showing  a  disposition  to  dicho- 
tomous  division ;  and  are  combined  into  dendritic 
clusters  or  systems  from  which  extremely  delicate 
tubes  pass  off  that  unite  and  go  to  form  the  vas  defe- 
rens,  which  accompanies  the  oviduct  in  its  course  to 
the  cloaca,  where  it  opens  close  to  the  termination  of 
that  conduit. 

1.  Corella  parallelogramma   (O.  F.  Miiller)  Hancock. 

(Plate  XI,  figs.  8  and  9  ;  PL  XXI,  fig.  9 ;  and  figs. 

30-34  in  text.) 

Ascidia  parallelogramma  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr. 
[1776],  p.  226,  no.  2737;  [Zool.  Dan.  Icon.  II  (1780), 
pi.  xlix,  ff.  1-3;  Zool.  Dan.  Descr.  II  (1784),  p.  25;  and] 
Zool.  Danica,  II  [1788],  p.  11,  pi.  xlix,  tf.  1-3;  [BRD- 
GUIERE  Hist.  Nat.  Vers,  I  (1789),  p.  153,  in  Encycl.  Meth  ; 
BOKY  DE  ST.  VINCENT  Vers,  etc.  I  (1791),  p.  135,  pi.  Ixiv, 
if.  8-10,  in  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth  ;  GMELIN  Linnaai  Syst. 
Nat.  ed.  13,  I,  pt.  6  (1791),  p.  3125;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat. 
Vers,  I  (1802),  p.  107;  TURTON  Gen.  Syst.  Nat.  IV  (1802), 
p.  93;  FLEMING  in  Edinb.  Encycl.  II  (1811),  p.  544; 
LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p. 
124,  and  ed.  2,  III  (1840),  p.  529;  THOMPSON  in  Ann. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1)  V  (1840),  p.  94;]  FORBES  &  HANLEY 
Brit,  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  34;  [RUPERT  JONES  in  Cyclop. 
Anat.  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1201  ;  CARUS  in  Proc.  Aslimol. 
Soc.  II  (1851),  p.  266;]  THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist.  Ireland 
[IV  (1856)],  p.  360;  NORMAN  in  Zoologist,  [XV,  (1857), 
p.  5708;  DICKIE  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1857  (1858),  p. 
Ill;  SARS  in  Forli.  Vid.-Selsk.  Christ.  1858  (1859),  p. 
64;  SCHULTZE  in  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.  XII,  2  (1862),  pp. 
178,  183 ;  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  (1863),  p.  157, 
pi.  vii,  ff.  1,  2;  in  Nat.  Hist,  Trans.  Nortlmmb.  Durli.  I 
(1865),  p.  11;  and  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867), 


26  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

p.  208;  NORMAN  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1868  (1869),  p. 

302]. 
Ascidia  opalina  MACGILLIVRAY  Moll.  Aiiim.  Aberdeen  [1843], 

p.  312. 
Ascidia  virginea   FORBES  &  HANLEY   Brit.   Moll.   I   [1848], 

p.  33,  pi.  C,  f .  2 ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside 

Nat,  Field  Club,   I    [1848],  p.  200;    [COCKS  in  Rep.  R. 

Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  73  ;  RUPERT  JONES  in 

Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1201 ;  CARUS  in  Proc. 

Aslimol.    Soc.    II   (1851),  p.  266;  LANDSBOROUGH  Treas. 

Deep  (1847),  p.  34,  and  Excurs.  Arran  (1852),  p.  34;]  GOSSE 

Tenby  (1856),  p.  63;    [THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist.  Ireland,  IV 

(1856),  p.  360 ;]  NORMAN  in  Zoologist,  XV  [1857] ,  p.  5708  ; 

[MERRIFIELD  Nat.  Hist.  Brighton  (1860),  p.  81 ;  MURRAY 

in  Proc.  R.   Soc.  Edinb.  IV   (1860),  p.  271;    ANSTED  & 

LATHAM  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219]. 
[Phnllusia  virginea  MURRAY   in   Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.    IV 

(1859),  p.  149.] 

Non  Ascidia  virginea  0.  F.  MULLER  (1776). 
\_Corella  parallelogramma  HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.   Hist.   (4) 

VI  (1870),  p.  362,] 

Body  ovate  or  subquadrate,  compressed,  adhering 
by  its  base.  Apertures,  branchial  very  little  promi- 
nent, scarcely  tubular,  atrial  situated  a  little  to  one 
side  on  a  longish  tube  surpassing  the  branchial  in 
height ;  both  with  red  ocelli.  Test  firm,  hyaline,  and 
perfectly  transparent,  showing  the  bright-coloured 
mantle  through.  Mantle  thin,  transparent,  attached 
only  at  the  tubes,  more  or  less  marked  with  crimson 
and  opaque  yellow.  A  circular  belt  of  yellow  is  seen 
near  the  top  of  the  branchial  sac,  and  opaque  yellow 
lines  and  spots  (sometimes  star-like)  intermixed  with 
crimson  blotches,  are  dispersed  over  the  sides.  The 
dark  intestine  is  seen  proceeding  from  a  fawn-coloured 
stomach  on  the  left  side,  making  a  turn  downwards  at 
the  base  of  the  sac,  and  rising  towards  the  anal 
aperture,  accompanied  by  the  white  oviduct.  On  the 
right  side  there  are  a  few  strong  radiating  muscles 
near  the  margin  of  the  mantle  ;  they  are  absent  on 
the  left,  and  the  meshes  of  the  branchial  sac  are  also 
seen  more  distinctly  through.  Tentacular  filaments 


CORELLA    PARALLELOGBAMMA.  27 

long  and  slender.  Branchial  she  (fig.  30)  with  the 
secondary  vessels  arranged  in  spirals  of  five  or  six 
coils  each ;  papillary  membranes  ample,  with  the  free 
border  considerably  thickened,  but  scarcely  produced 
into  tentacular  points.  Oral  filaments  numerous, 
rather  stout  and  pointed. 

Height  one  to  two  inches  ;  breadth  about  one  third 
less. 

Hab. — [Adhering  to  dead  shells,  Alga?,  &c.,]  at 
low  water-mark  and  in  deepish  water. 

On  most  parts  of  our  coasts,  but  apparently  rare  in 
the  south. 

ENGLAND. — Coast  of  Durham  and  Northumberland 
(Alder;  Hodge).  [Dogger  Bank  (Alder).  Brighton, 
Sussex  (Merrifield,  1860).  Grwyllyn-vase,  Swanpool, 
Pennance,  etc.,  Falmouth,  Cornwall  (Cocks,  1849). 
Scilly  Isles  (Cants,  1850).]  Isle  of  Man  (Forbes; 
Alder). 

WALES.- -Tenby,  Pembroke,  at  low  water-mark 
(Gosse). 

SCOTLAND.  -  -  Aberdeen,  abundant  (Macgillivray). 
Firth  of  Clyde  (Norman;  Carpenter).  Hebrides 
(Forbes  fy  Me  Andrew).  [Arran  (Land  sboro  ugh,  1847).] 
Shetland  (Forbes  fy  McAndrew);  [10  miles  east  of  Balta 
(Norman,  1868)]. 

IRELAND. — Strangford  Lough,  Down,  and  Bound- 
stone  Bay,  Connemara,  Galway  (Thompson). 

First  record.  —  [Thompson,  1840.] 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  its  subquadrate  form 
and  the  brilliancy  of  the  pallial  colouring ;  and  it 
differs  likewise  from  the  other  species  of  the  genus 
in  many  points  of  detail. 

After  much  investigation  we  have  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  Ascidia  virginea  of  British  authors  is 
only  a  brightly-coloured  variety  of  Corella  parallelo- 
gramina  of  Miiller,  and  that  the  true  A.  virginea  of 
that  author  has  yet  to  be  discovered,  at  least  on  the 
British  coast,  if  indeed  it  be  at  all  known  to  modern 


28  13KITISH    TUNICATA. 

naturalists,  In  the  figure  of  A.  rirt/iiira  given  in  the 
'  Zoologia  Danica,'  the  intestine  rises  in  a  sigmoid 
curve  half  way  up  the  side  of  the  sac  as  is  usual  in  the 
genus  Aseidia  ;  but  in  the  present  species,  and  indeed 
in  all  the  three  members  of  the  genus  Corella,  the  intes- 
tine, after  running  along  the  base  of  the  sac,  ascends 
in  a  direct  line  to  the  anal  aperture,  the  stomach  being- 
placed  011  the  left  side.  This  is  therefore  a  sinistral 
species,  and  its  two  congeners  are  the  only  other 
sinistral  species  which  have  occurred  to  us.  The 
Phallusia  turcica  of  Savigny  is  also  a  sinistral  species, 
and  has  the  same  flexure  of  the  intestine. 

GoreUa parallelogram  ma  is  found  011  the  Norwegian 
coast,  but  does  not  extend  northwards  bevoiid  Lofoten, 

•/ 

where  it  is  rare  and  of  small  size    Sn 


2.  Corella  larvseformis  Hancock. 
(Plate  XXII,  fig.  8.) 

Corella  larv&formis  HANCOCK   in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.    [(4)   VI 
(1870),  p.  363]. 

Body  irregularly  rounded  or  subquadrate,  com- 
pressed, adhering  by  the  base.  Apertures,  branchial 
terminal,  only  slightly  prominent,  atrial  at  the  upper 
part  of  the  neural  margin,  a  little  removed  from  the 
branchial,  at  the  extremity  of  a  tube  which  is  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  entire  body,  and  projects 
diagonally  upwards;  ocelli  red.  Test  firm,  smooth, 
shining,  thin  above,  rather  thick  below,  perfectly 
crystalline,  exhibiting  not  only  the  colours  of  the 
mantle,  but  likewise  much  of  the  internal  structure. 
Mantle  delicate,  adhering  to  the  test,  of  a  yellowish  or 
reddish  colour,  with  a  few  scattered,  small  red  spots, 
and  so  transparent  that  it  does  not  in  the  least  obscure 
the  view  of  the  contained  visceral  organs.  Branchial 
sac  with  large,  spiral  coils,  the  largest  about  five  times 
coiled,  in  12  or  1-4  transverse  rows  ;  papillae  replaced 
by  the  thickened  border  of  the  papillary  membrane. 


CORELLA    LARVJEFOEMIS.  29 

Oral  filaments  minute,  placed  a  little  apart,  not  nume- 
rous. Taitin-iiliti-  Jili merits  numerous,  not  crowded, 
long,  delicate,  and  colourless. 

Length  from  the  base  to  the  branchial  aperture  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch,  and  to  the  atrial  aperture  an  inch 
and  a  half. 

Hab. — Shallow  water. 

IRELAND. — Roundstone  Bay,  Connemara,  Galway 
(More). 

First  record.— Hancock,  1870;  coll.  More,  1869. 

We  have  seen  only  two  individuals  of  this  very 
characteristic  species;  they  were  both  obtained  in  the 
same  locality,  and  were  taken  in  shallow  water  (from 
6  to  12  fathoms)  by  Mr.  A.  Gr.  More  in  1869.  They 
differ  somewhat  in  colour  ;  one  having  the  mantle  of  a 
dull  red,  the  other  of  a  pale  straw  colour,  and  each 
having  a  few  scattered  spots  of  red.  The  body  is 
much  compressed  and  remarkably  transparent,  reveal- 
ing almost  the  entire  organization  through  the  external 
coverings.  t  But  the  most  extraordinary  feature  is  the 
enormous  development  of  the  atrial  tube ;  it  is  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  whole  length  of  the  body, 
and  is  proportionately  wide  ;  it  is  placed  at  the  top  of 
the  ventral  margin,  only  a  short  way  removed  from 
the  branchial  aperture,  which  is  exactly  terminal,  and 
so  little  produced  as  to  be  scarcely  tubular.  From 
the  peculiar  development  of  the  atrial  tube,  the  form 
of  this  species  has  considerable  resemblance  to  that  of 
the  usual  tadpole  larva,  and  suggests  the  adoption  of 
the  specific  name. 

The  mantle  is  firmly  adherent  to  the  test,  so  that  it 
cannot  be  detached  without  laceration  ;  it  is  exceed- 
ingly delicate  and  but  sparingly  supplied  with  muscles. 
On  the  rio'ht-hand  side  there  are  a  few  scattered 

O 

radiating  fibres,  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  mantle, 
near  the  upper  and  dorsal  margin  ;  there  are  likewise 
a  few  at  the  ventral  margin ;  and  a  few  still  more 
delicate  fibres  are  seen  at  the  upper  border  of  the  left- 


30  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

hand  side  ;  these  and  the  sphincter  belts  of  the  tubes, 
together  with  a  few  short,  longitudinal  fibres  near  the 
orifices,  complete  the  muscular  apparatus  of  this  organ. 

The  branchial  sac  is  short  and  subquadrate,  with 
the  spirals  comparatively  few  and  large,  arranged 
with  some  little  degree  of  irregularity  in  1 2  or  14 
transverse  rows ;  the  larger  spirals  have  about  5  or  6 
coils,  and  they  seem  set  in  square  areas,  defined  by 
the  primary  vessels  and  stout  longitudinal  secondary 
ones,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  C.  par allelogr ammo,. 
The  oral  filaments  are  minute  and  correspond  in 
number  and  position  with  the  primary  vessels;  there 
are  consequently  not  more  than  12  or  14  of  them. 
The  branchial  tubercle  is  apparently  tubular,  much 
restricted  in  length,  and  with  a  trilobed  orifice  at  the 
free  extremity,  the  upper  lobe  being  the  longest. 

The  alimentary  canal  is  disposed  much  as  it  is  in 
C.  parallelogramma;  the  stomach  is  however  a  little 
more  elongated  ;  the  oesophagus  is  rather  long  and 
narrow,  and  opens  by  a  widish  mouth  near  to  the 
bottom  of  the  branchial  sac  at  the  ventral  niargin ;  the 
intestine  turns  downwards  at  the  dorsal  margin,  and, 
advancing  along  the  bottom  of  the  mantle,  turns  up 
the  ventral  margin  attached  to  the  branchial  sac,  and 
terminates  at  the  base  of  the  excurrent  tube  not  far  from 
the  top  of  the  sac  ;  here  it  opens  into  the  atrium  by  a 
wide  orifice  with  the  margin  reflected  and  pectinated. 

The  ovary  is  a  tabulated  or  tubular  organ,  spread 
over  the  right-hand  side  of  the  stomach,  passing  round 
the  margin,  and  appearing  at  the  left-hand  side  ;  the 
oviduct  is  wide,  accompanies  the  intestine  to  its 
termination,  and  appears  by  the  side  of  the  anus. 
The  male  organ  is  spread  over  the  posterior  extremity 
of  the  left-hand  side  of  the  stomach  and  the  intestinal 
loop ;  it  is  composed  of  minute,  slightly-branched 
caaca ;  the  vas  deferens  follows  the  oviduct  to  the 
atrium,  and  then,  advancing  a  little  beyond  its  termin- 
ation, becomes  adherent  to  the  branchial  sac,  and  opens 
some  short  distance  in  front  of  the  anus. 


COKELLA    LARVJEFORMIS.  31 

The  heart  lies  along  the  upper  margin  of  the 
stomach  ;  and  the  rest  of  the  anatomy,  so  far  as  it 
could  be  determined,  agrees  with  that  of  the  type 
species. 

C.  larvdeformis  is  distinguished  at  once  from  the  con- 
generic species  by  the  extraordinary  elongation  of  the 
atrial  tube,  and  from  (.'.  parallelogramma  likewise  by 
the  comparative  deficiency  of  colour,  though  much 
reliance  cannot  be  placed  on  this  character,  as  the 
specimens  had  been  some  time  in  spirit  before  they 
came  into  our  possession.  The  fewness  of  the  rows  of 
branchial  spirals,  and  the  consequent  comparative 
largeness  of  the  spirals  themselves,  also  distinguish 
this  species. 

3.  Corella  ovata  Hancock. 
(Plate  XXII,  figs.  10  and  11  ;  and  fig.  35  in  text.) 

Corella  ovata  HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  [(4)  VI  (1870), 
p.  363]  . 


ovate,  rather  wide  above,  not  much  compressed, 
adhering  by  the  side  of  the  base,  where  there  are  a 
few  root-like  processes.  Apertures  very  little  pro- 
duced, almost  sessile  ;  the  branchial  terminal,  the  atrial 
placed  at  a  little  distance  down  the  ventral  margin. 
Tt'st  soft,  smooth,  delicate,  and  perfectly  transparent, 
revealing  the  colours  and  structure  of  the  enclosed 
mantle  and  viscera.  Mantle  thin,  transparent,  of  a 
buff  flesh-colour,  sometimes  with  a  few  obscure  reddish 
markings  ;  tubes  very  short,  having  the  margins  of 
the  apertures  of  a  pale  flesh-colour;  muscles  few  and 
delicate,  of  a  reddish  colour.  Branclilal  XKC  with  the 
spirals  numerous  and  composed  of  only  two  or  three 
coils  ;  papillary  membranes  well  developed  and  having 
the  free  margin  not  much  thickened,  and  scarcely 

t/ 

bearing  at  all  the  semblance  of  tentacular  points. 
Tentiicnliii'  filaments  numerous,  slender,  not  very  long, 
set  rather  close  together  in  a  single  line  on  a  narrow 


32  BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 

muscular  band.  Oral  filament*  numerous,  well  deve- 
loped, with  the  points  attenuated. 

Length  [sometimes]  an  inch  and  three  quarters,  but 
usually  smaller. 

Hcib. — [Between  tide-marks  and]  at  low  water. 

SCOTLAND.  -  Tobermorey,  Mull,  associated  with 
Ascidia  rubicunda  and  adhering  to  Plocamium  cocci- 
neum  (Norman). 

IRELAND. — Roundstone  Bay,  Comiemara,  Galway,  in 
clusters  attached  to  the  test  of  Ascidia  Normani 
(More). 

First  record. — Hancock,  1870  ;  coll.  Norman,  1866. 

The  test  of  this  species  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  10)  is  so 
perfectly  hyaline  that  when  immersed  in  water  it  is 
difficult  to  observe  its  form ;  and  usually  the  shrivelled 
yellowish  mantle  suspended  within  by  the  attachment 
of  the  tubes  is  so  conspicuous  that  it  is  hard  to  believe 
that  it  is  surrounded  by  the  outer  tunic.  This  is  the 
case  with  specimens  preserved  in  spirit ;  the  brilliancy 
then,  of  this  creature,  may  be  increased  in  a  living  state, 
united  as  it  is  in  clusters,  and  with  the  mantle  fully 
expanded  and  imparting  to  the  mass  a  delicate 
yellowish  hue,  intensified  towards  the  base  or  visceral 
nucleus.  When  attached  to  Algas,  as  it  appears  fre- 
quently to  be,  the  base  is  much  contracted,  and  then 
the  body  is  decidedly  ovate  or  pyriform  with  the  upper 
end  rounded  and  inflated.  But  the  specimens  which 
are  adherent  to  a  flat  surface  have  the  lower  or  basal 
portion  a  little  more  spread,  and  in  these  the  form  is 
more  definitely  ovate.  The  vascularity  of  the  test 
seems  limited  to  the  lower  portion. 

The  mantle  (see  PI.  XXII,  fig.  10)  lies  free  within 
the  test,  being  attached  to  it  only  at  the  tubes  and 
towards  the  base  where  the  vascular  trunks  enter  it. 
It  is  delicate  and  transparent,  and  appears  to  be 
highly  contractile ;  the  muscular  fibres  are,  however, 
far  from  being  robust ;  they  are  most  developed  on  the 
right-hand  side,  and,  like  those  in  the  other  two 


CORBLLA    OVATA.  33 

species,  are  disposed  in  a  scattered  radiating  manner 
at  the  margins,  but  are  confined  to  the  upper  portions; 
they  partake  of  the  colour  of  the  mantle  though  they 
are  a  little  darker.  A  few  smaller  radiating  fibres  are 
observed  at  the  upper  margin  of  the  left-hand  side. 

The  branchial  sac  (fig.  35)  extends  nearly  to  the 
bottom  of  the  mantle,  overlapping  the  right-hand  side 
of  the  visceral  mass ;  the  spirals  are  remarkable  for 
the  fewness  of  their  coils,  there  being  usually  two, 
rarely  three,  and  they  are  stout  and  project  boldly 
upwards  ;  the  longitudinal  bars  are  delicate  and  cord- 
like,  with  the  suspended  membrane  deep;  the  papillary 


< 

FIG.  35. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Corella  ovata.     Miich  enlarged. 

membranes  are  well  developed,  and  have  the  free 
border  only  slightly  thickened,  and  not  projected  into 
tentacular  points  or  papilla?.  There  are  about  36 
oral  filaments  (PL  XXII,  fig.  11)  which  occasionally 
vary  a  little  in  length ;  they  are  wide  at  the  base 
where  the  margins  are  sometimes  a  little  undulated, 
and  they  rather  suddenly  attenuate  upwards  and  are 
produced  and  pointed  at  the  extremity.  The  branchial 
tubercle  is  a  simple  loop  open  in  front  above  and 
pointed  behind. 

The  disposition  of  the  alimentary  canal  differs  in  no 
respect  from  that  of  the  type  form ;  the  stomach  is 
well  marked  and  rounded,  the  oesophagus  constricted 
and  well  produced ;  the  intestine  bends  downwards  in 
the  usual  manner  and  passes  along  the  bottom  of  the 
sac  to  the  ventral  margin,  which  it  ascends  almost  to 

ir.  3 


34  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

the  top  in  a  slightly  curved  line  to  the  atrium,  where 
it  terminates  in  an  anal  orifice  with  a  reflected  and 
lobed  margin. 

The  ovary  is  a  branched  tubular  organ,  for  the  most 
part  confined  to  the  right  side  of  the  intestinal  loop, 
through  which  a  few  of  the  branches  pass  and  appear 
at  the  left-hand  side ;  a  few  of  the  terminal  ramifica- 
tions also  overlap  the  dorsal  border  of  the  stomach 
and  reach  the  other  side  of  it.  The  male  casca,  which 
are  elongated,  are  for  the  greater  part  confined  to  the 
left-hand  side  of  the  looped  portion  of  the  intestine. 

This  delicate  species  is  not  likely  to  be  confounded 
with  either  of  its  two  congeners,  from  both  of  which 
it  differs  in  many  particulars,  and  notably  by  the 
general  form  and  by  the  character  of  the  branchial 
spirals,  which  in  C.  ovata  are  not  by  any  means  so 
many  times  coiled  as  they  are  in  both  the  other  species, 
and  the  coils  themselves  are  much  stouter.  In  C. 
parallelogramma  and  ('.  larvaeformis  the  spirals  are 
from  5  to  7  times  coiled,  while  in  C.  ovata,  they  are 
coiled  only  twice  or  thrice. 


Family  2.     MOLGULULE. 

Animal  generally  free  or  only  slightly  attached. 
Test  thin  and  membranous,  often  covered  with  sand  or 
fragments  of  shells ;  usually  not  at  all  or  but  very 
slightly  attached  to  the  mantle,  except  at  the  two 
apertures.  Branchial  aperture  6-lobed,  at  rial  aperture 
4-lobed  ;  ocelli  inconspicuous  or  none.  Tentacular 
filament*  branched.  Branchial  sac  generally  with 
longitudinal  folds,  the  meshes  more  or  less  perfectly 
convoluted,  without  papillae. 


MOLGULA.  35 


Genus  4.     MOLGULA  Forbes,  1848. 

[Ascidia  (pars)  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  I  (1788),  p.  42.] 
Molgula  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  36;  ALDER  & 
HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,  I  [1848], 
p.  195;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  [1856],  p.  337;  GOSSK 
Man.  Marine  Zool.  II  [1856],  p.  35;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS 
Gen.  Recent  Moll.  II  [1858],  p.  590;  [ALDER  in  Ann. 
Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  (1863),  p.  158]. 

Bodi/  ovate  or  globose,  generally  covered  with  glan- 
dular fibrils  by  which  the  animal  accumulates  a  coating 
of  sand  or  shells  and  in  some  species  attaches  itself  to 
other  bodies.  Test  usually  thin,  fibrillous,  and  nearly 
colourless.  Branchial  aperture  6-lobed;  at  rial  aperture 
4-lobed.  Tentacular  filaments  more  or  less  pinnate  or 
branched.  Branchial  sac  with  longitudinal  folds,  the 
meshes  irregularly  convoluted.  Stomach  and  intestine 

O  «/ 

lateral.  Reproductive  organs  on  both  sides,  those  of 
the  right  side  situated  above  the  lower  intestinal  loop. 
The  members  of  this  genus  are  comparatively  small 
and  globular,  with,  usually,  a  coating-  of  sand  or  of 
fragments  of  shells  or  stone.  They  have  rarely  any 
flattened  surface  of  attachment  like  that  of  Ascidia, 
and  consequently  they  are  usually  assumed  to  be  free. 
This,  however,  may  to  some  extent  be  questioned. 
The  surface  of  the  test  is  supplied  witli  numerous 
hair-like  processes  or  delicate  branched  fibrils.  These 
adhere  with  considerable  firmness  to  the  more  gritty 
matters  mixed  with  the  sand  or  fine  mud  in  which 
these  animals  are  undoubtedly  to  some  extent  buried. 
They  thus  become  fixed  in  their  position,  and  on  re- 
moval bring  along  with  them  a  coating  of  the  attached 
particles.  This  would  appear  to  be  their  usual  habit. 
In.  some  instances,  however,  they  become  adherent, 
through  the  agency  of  their  external  fibrils,  to  the 
surface  of  hard  bodies,  such  as  the  exuviae  of  mollusca, 
and  cover  the  exposed  portion  of  their  test  with  the 
usual  fragmentary  matters. 


36  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

The  test  of  Mo~l<ju~l<i  is  thin,  tough,  and  membranous, 
and  is  usually,  if  not  always,  covered  with  hair-like 
fibrils  sometimes  a  little  branched,  by  which  it  attaches 
a  coating  of  sand  or  shelly  particles.  It  is,  with  one 
or  twro  exceptions,  only  very  slightly  adherent  to  the 
mantle,  excepting  at  the  respiratory  tubes,  Avhere  the 
attachment  is  firm.  The  mantle  is  very  delicate  and 

t 

hyaline,  and  has  a  few  muscular  fibres  radiating  from 
the  base  of  the  respiratory  tubes.  These  pass  up  the 
tubes,  which  are  also  supplied  with  circular  fibres. 

The  mantle  is  richly  supplied  with  a  plexus  of 
minute  channels  or  vessels,  and  so  is  the  intestinal 
tube,  as  well  as  the  membranous  branchial  rod.  The 
branchial  suspenders  are  numerous  and  well  developed, 
and,  supplying  the  test,  there  are  two  vascular  trunks 
which  issue  from  the  left  side  of  the  mantle  or  inner 
tunic  near  to  the  dorsal  end  of  the  heart.  It  may 
therefore  be  infereritially  determined  that  the  circula- 
tory organs  are  of  the  same  character,  and  are  as 
complete,  as  they  are  in  Axci<Ji«.  The  heart  is  very 
distinct.  It  lies  in  the  left-hand  wall  of  the  mantle, 
immediately  below,  and  in  contact  with,  the  hard  cylin- 
drical body  about  which  little  has  been  determined. 

«/ 

The  branchial  sac  is  short  and  wide,  extending, 
however,  the  full  length  of  the  pallial  chamber,  within 
which  it  is  placed  somewhat  diagonally.  There  are 
usually  six  or  seven  wide,  longitudinal  folds  on  each 
side.  In  M.  coi//i>l<tu<tf<t  there  are  six  on  the  right  side 
and  seven  on  the  left.  These  folds  extend  the  entire 
leno'th  of  the  sac ;  but,  as  the  ventral  border  is  much 

O 

shorter  than  the  dorsal,  those  next  the  ventral  line  are 
not  nearly  so  long  as  the  dorsal  ones,  and  they  are  all 
considerably  arched,  the  concavity  being  turned  for- 
wards. The  deep  grooves,  formed  in  the  outer  surface 
of  the  branchial  sac  by  the  inversion  of  the  internal 
folds,  are  each  turned  into  a  series  of  pouches  in  con- 
sequence of  the  formation  of  septa  at  the  points  where 
the  primary  or  transverse  vessels  cross  them.  The 
whole  of  the  branchial  surface  between  the  transverse 


MOLGULA.  37 

or  primary  vessels  is  composed  of  a  vast  multitude  of 
secondary  vessels ;  those  between  the  folds  have  an 
arched  or  more  or  less  sinuous  course  in  the  longi- 
tudinal direction,  but  nevertheless  have  a  tendency  to 
curve  towards  the  base  of  the  folds,  forming  in  fact 
the  outer,  irregular  coils  of  large  spirals.  Within  the 
folds  these  incipient  coils  go  to  form  a  series  of  small 
spirals  usually  arranged  in  pairs,  composing  the  ulti- 
mate marginal  recesses  of  the  pouches.  The  pouches 
are  limited  by  the  large  primary  vessels,  and  are 
divided  into  two  by  the  smaller  primary  vessels  and 
then  again  each  is  subdivided  ;  so  that  each  pouch  is, 
as  it  were,  formed  of  four  spirals  arranged  in  pairs. 
It  is  uncertain  whether  this  arrangement  is  constant, 
but  it  can  usually  be  seen  in  well-preserved  specimens. 
Other  small  vessels  ramify  in  a  transverse  direction, 
but  converge  more  or  less  regularly  from  the  primary 
vessels  towards  the  spiral  centres ;  these  are  the 
radiating  vessels. 

Besides  the  large  folds  already  described  there  are 
numerous,  narrow,  longitudinal,  membranous  bands 
which  stretch  the  whole  length  of  the  organ ;  they  are 
mostly  confined  to  the  folds,  there  being  usually  four 
on  each  side,  while  between  the  folds  there  are  occa- 
sionally one  or  two.  These  minute  membranous  bands 
are  the  homologues  of  the  longitudinal  bars  of  Ascidia ; 
and  like  them  are  connected  with  the  vascular  sur- 
face only  at  the  points  where  they  cross  the  large  or 
primary  vessels. 

The  above  is  the  description  of  the  branchial  organ 
as  it  usually  appears  in  M.  conchilega.  In  M.  simplex 
and  M.  complanata  the  spiral  arrangement  of  the 
secondary  vessels  is  much  more  distinct,  and  is  well 
defined  at  the  circumference  of  the  coils.  In  these  two 
forms  the  spirals  therefore  seem  large  and  occupy 
nearly  the  whole  surface,  the  centres  terminating, 
apparently,  in  the  pouches  of  the  branchial  folds. 
The  minute  membranous  bands  are  in  these  two  species 
confined  entirely  to  the  folds,  there  being  none  between 


38  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

them ;  in  each  fold  there  are  from  four  to  six.  The 
small  transverse  vessels  distinctly  radiate  from  the 
centre  of  the  spirals. 

In  M.  inconspicua  the  spiral  disposition  is  reduced 
to  the  minimum.  The  secondary  vessels  have  most 
generally  a  longitudinal  direction,  though  they  are 
curved  sufficiently  to  show  that  they  are  portions  of 
large  compressed  spiral  coils,  the  centres  of  which  are 
lost  to  view  in  the  pouches  of  the  folds ;  on  each  of 
these  there  are  four  or  five  longitudinal  membranous 
bands  obscuring  their  structure.  The  small,  trans- 
verse, radiating  vessels  are  well  developed. 

The  oral  lamina  is  a  plain  membrane,  narrow  above 
and  widening  as  it  reaches  the  mouth,  beyond  which, 
in  M.  conchilega,  it  passes  downwards  for  some  dis- 
tance on  the  right  side  ;  but  it  usually  terminates  near 
the  mouth.  The  branchial  tubercle  (PI.  XLVIII, 
fig.  1)  occupies  the  usual  place,  immediately  in  front 
of  the  upper  extremity  of  the  oral  lamina.  It  is  not 
placed  transversely  as  is  usually  the  case  ;  but  in  this 
genus  is  generally  oblique  with  the  involutions  inclined 
downwards. 

The  endostyle  is  well  developed,  and  forms  a  rather 
wide  groove  from  one  end  of  the  branchial  sac  to  the 
other,  and  is  much  arched,  following  the  curvature  of 
the  folds.  Both  the  anterior  and  posterior  cords  are 
well  displayed. 

The  tentacular  filaments  at  the  base  of  the  inhalant 
tube  are  always  more  or  less  pinnate  or  branched.  In 
M.  conckiler/a  there  are  eight  or  nine  such  filaments 
with  smaller  intermediate  ones.  They  are  simply  pin- 
nate. M.  simplex  has  about  eleven,  with  a  few  minute 
ones  interspersed ;  they  are  imperfectly  tri-pinnate, 
and  have  an  irregular  bushy  appearance.  In  M.  incon- 
spicua they  are  less  bushy,  and  the  branches  are  more 
regularly  disposed;  and  in  M.  complanata  they  are 
simply  pinnate,  the  pinnae  being  few  in  number. 

The  digestive  organs  lie  on  the  right  side  of  the 
branchial  sac,  adherent  to  the  pallia!  wall,  from  which 


MOLGULA.  39 

they  bulge,  rolled  in  a  fold  of  the  lining  membrane. 
The  oral  orifice  is  large  and  circular,  and  opens  into  the 
base  of  the  branchial  sac  close  to  the  ventral  margin. 
The  oesophagus  is  a  short,  ill-defined  tube,  which 
gradually  enlarges  backwards  as  it  merges  into  the 
stomach  ;  this  is  a  mere  irregular  enlargement  of  the 

O  O 

alimentary  tube,  and  is  somewhat  elongated ;  it  is  of 
no  great  size,  and  as  it  passes  downwards  it  bends 
backwards  and  graduates  into  the  intestine,  which  is  a 
large,  pretty-equal  tube,  that  runs  across  nearly  as  far 
as  the  endostyle  at  the  opposite  or  dorsal  margin  of 
the  body ;  it  then  ascends,  and,  doubling  upon  itself, 
forms  a  transverse  loop  ;  after  this  it  again  ascends 
and  reaches  the  atrium  just  above  the  point  where  the 
oesophagus  penetrates  the  respiratory  organ.  There  it 
terminates  in  a  wide  anal  orifice  with  a  slightly- 
reflected  rim  which  is  broken  at  the  side  next  the 
branchial  sac. 

The  liver,  in  this  genus,  is  a  well-developed  organ. 
It  is  usually  of  a  dark  green  colour,  and  overlies  the 
stomach,  concealing*  entirely  its  inner  or  right  side, 
and  very  much  obscuring  its  general  form.  It  is  an 
irregularly-lobulated  mass  AY  Inch  appears  to  be  made 
up  of  wide  laminas  closely  pressed  together  and  more 
or  less  confused  and  involved.  This  is  the  appearance 
of  the  hepatic  organ  in  M.  conckilega  ;  but  in  M.  com- 
planata  the  laminge  and  lobes  are  very  distinct,  and  the 
mass  has  very  much  the  appearance  of  a  folliculated 
and  lobed  sac. 

The    dio-estive    oro-ans    do   not    vary    much    in    the 

O  O  ,/ 

different  species.  In  M.  simplex  the  intestine  is  much 
elongated,  and  passes  from  one  margin  of  the  body  to 
the  other,  the  looped  portion  being  turned  upwards 
and  forwards  so  as  to  pass  above  the  reproductive 
organs,  and  the  margin  of  the  anal  orifice  being  denti- 
culated and  reflected.  There  are  consequently  two 
distinct  loops  in  this  species,  an  upper  and  a  lower 
loop.  In  M.  inconspicua  the  intestine  is  still  more 
extensively  developed,  the  upper  loop  being  wide,  and, 


40  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

after  advancing  to  near  the  top  of  the  sac,  it  turns 
downwards,  and  in  a  great  measure  passes  in  front  of 
the  generative  mass. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  in  two  masses,  which 
are  placed,  one  at  each  side  of  the  body,  adhering  to 
the  mantle  and  bulging  out  the  lining  membrane. 
They  are,  in  M.  conchilega,  of  an  irregular  oval  form 
and  somewhat  arched,  each  being  composed  of  both 
male  and  female  elements.  That  on  the  right  side  lies 
in  contact  with  and  directly  above  the  rectal  portion  of 
the  intestine,  the  loop  being  below  and  behind  it. 
The  ovigerous  portion  of  the  organ  forms  the  upper 
border  of  the  mass,  and  is  an  elongated,  lobed  sac, 
with  the  anterior  or  ventral  end  produced  into  a  short, 
constricted  duct,  which  opens  into  the  atrium  at  the 
right  side  of,  and  a  little  way  above,  the  anus.  The 
testis  is  composed  of  a  vast  number  of  branched 
vesicles  or  csecal  tubes,  crowded  together  and  some- 
times assuming  a  dendritic  appearance ;  the  mass  thus 
constituted  is  elongated  and  tabulated,  and  forms  the 
lower  margin  of  the  ovary,  in  close  contact  with  the 
intestine.  There  are  four  or  five  long,  nipple-like 
sperm-outlets  or  ducts,  rising  up  in  a  line,  at  a  little 
distance  from  each  other,  on  the  surface  of  the  testis, 
towards  its  lower  border.  These  convey  the  male 
secretion  into  the  atrial  space  by  the  side  of  the 
branchial  sac. 

The  reproductive  mass  on  the  left  side  is  similar  to 
that  on  the  right ;  it  is,  however,  less  regular  in  f 01*111, 
and  the  male  and  female  portions  have  in  great 
measure  changed  places ;  for,  on  this  side,  the  male 
secreting  vesicles  occupy  for  the  most  part  the  upper 
border  of  the  organ,  the  female  the  lower.  The  whole 
mass  lies  immediately  above  the  curious,  cylindrical 
organ  in  connection  with  the  heart.  The  oviduct 
opens  into  the  left-hand  side  of  the  atrium  a  little 
above  the  anus.  The  sperm-outlets  are  as  in  the  right- 
hand  mass. 

In  M.  simplex  and  M.  inconspicua  these  organs  are 


MOLGULA.  41 

narrower  and  more  regularly  elliptical  than  they  are 
in  M.  conchilega,  and  the  oviducts  are  shorter.  In 
both  species,  too,  the  mass  on  the  right  side  is  much 
arched,  and  lies  between  the  lower  or  rectal  portion  of 
the  intestine  and  the  upper  loop,  or  within  what  may 
be  termed  the  lower  loop.  A  more  interesting  modi- 
fication is  found  in  I/,  complanata.  In  this  curious 
depressed  species  the  intestine  forms  a  simple  loop  as 
in  M.  eonrhilri/a,  and  the  reproductive  organs,  which 
are  placed  as  usual,  are  of  a  narrow  ovate  form,  with 
the  oviduct  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  intestine, 
projecting  from  the  attenuated  extremity,  which  is 
directed  backwards,  that  is  from  the  cloaca  and  towards 
the  endostyle.  The  ova  must  therefore  be  shed  into 
the  dorsal  portion  of  the  atrium  and  not  into  the 
cloaca,  as  they  usually  are  in  all  the  other  species. 
The  organ  on  the  right  side  is  placed  a  little  above  the 
extremity  of  the  intestinal  loop ;  that  on  the  left  is 
situated  well  backwards  and  considerably  above  the 
cylindrical  onmii  connected  with  the  heart. 


1.  Molgula  conchilega  (0.  F.  Miiller). 

(PL   XXIII ;    PL   XLVIII,    fig.    1  ;    and    fig.    36  in 

text.) 

Ascidia  conclulei/a  0.  F.  MULLEK  Zool.  Dan.  Pro  dr.  [1776], 
p.  225,  no.  2727  ;  [Zool.  Dan.  Icon.  I  (1777),  pi.  xxxiv, 
ff.  4-6;  Zool.  Dan.  Descr.  I  (1779),  p.  84;  and]  Zool. 
Danica,  I  [1788],  p.  42,  pi.  xxxiv,  ff.  4-6;  BRDGUIERE 
Hist,  Nat.  Vers,  [I  (1789),  p.  147,]  in  Encycl.  Meth. ; 
[BoRY  DE  ST.  VINCENT  Vers,  etc.  I  (1791),  p.  135,  pi.  Ixii, 
ff.  11-13,  in  Tahl.  Encycl.  Meth.;  CTMELIN  Linnaei  Syst. 
Nat.  ed.  13,  I,  pt.  6  (1791),  p.  3124;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat. 
Vers,  I  (1802),  p.  104;  TURTON  Gen.  Syst,  Nat.  IV 
(1802),  p.  94;  FLEMING  in  Ecliiib.  Encycl.  II  (1811),  p. 
544;  JAMESON  in  Mem.  Wernerian  Soc.  I  (1811),  p.  557  ; 
PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  ed.  5,  IV  (1812),  p.  100;  LAMARCK 
Hist.  Nat,  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p.  123; 
STEWART  Elem.  Nat,  Hist,  I  (1817),  p.  392;  STARK  Elem. 
Nat.  Hist,  II  (1828),  p.  117;  LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat,  Anim. 


42  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

sans  Vert.  ed.  2,  III  (1840),  p.  528;  THOMPSON  in  Ami. 
Nat,  Hist,  (1)  XEII  (1844),  p.  424;]  FORBES  &  HANLEY 
Brit,  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  35;  [CocKs  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw. 
Polyt,  Soc,  1849  (1850),  p.  73;  JOHNSTON  Introd.  Conch. 
(1850),  p.  177;  RUPERT  JONES  in  Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40 
(1850),  pp.  1193,  1201;  THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist.  Ireland, 
IV  (1856),  p.  359;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861), 
p.  109].* 

Body  transversely  oval,  rather  compressed,  un- 
attached, completely  covered  with  fragments  of  shells 
so  as  to  conceal  every  part  excepting  the  little-con- 
spicuous apertures  when  expanded.  Apertures  not 
far  apart,  slightly  tubular,  the  branchial  largest.  Test 
(when  freed  from  its  shelly  coat)  thin,  white,  trans- 
parent, and  clothed  with  irregularly-formed  fibrils  or 
expansions  of  the  outer  layer  of  the  test,  which  rise 
from  a  broad  base  and  generally  expand  at  the  top. 
Mantle  white  with  a  bluish  tinge.  Tentacular  filaments 
very  irregular  in  size,  stout,  sub-bipinnate.  Branchial 
S'ic  with  seven  folds  on  each  side,  the  meshes  very 
irregularly  convoluted.  Oral  lamina  smooth. 

Largest  diameter  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter. 

Hab.—? 

ENGLAND. — Coast  of  Northumberland  (Alder  fy  Han- 
cock}. Polperro  [/  Lou</Jtrin],  and  Falmouth,  Cornwall 
(Codes). 

SCOTLAND. — [Leith  shore  (Jameson). ~\  Frith  of  Clyde 
(Groodsir). 

IRELAND. — Coasts  of  Antrim  and  Down  (Thompson) 
[1844].  Comiemara,  Galway  [7  More']. 

First  record. — [Jameson,  1811.] 

The  description  of  this  species  is  taken  from  speci- 
mens kindly  presented  to  us  by  the  late  Professor 
Good  sir,  which  we  have  little  hesitation  in  referring  to 

*  It  will  be  seen  that  only  fcrar  of  these  references  are  given  by  the 
authors,  namely  M tiller  (2),  Bruguiere,  and  Forbes  &  Hanley.  "  Pandocia 
conchilega,  Flem.  Brit.  Anim.  468,"  also  appears  in  the  transcript  of  their 
MS.,  but  as  an  addition,  in  a  dillVrent  handwriting  from  the  rest.  Fleming's 
Pandocia  conchilega  appears  to  be  Savigny's  Cynthia  mytiligera.and  if  so,  as 
this  belongs  to  his  tribe  Cijnthix  Pandocix,  it  is  not  a  Molgula.  This 
synonym,  with  other  references  dependent  xipon  it,  is  therefore  omitted. 


MOLGULA    CONGHILEGA. 


the  Ascidia-  conchilega  of  Miiller.  We  are  glad  to  find 
that  the  late  Professor  Sars  was  also  of  opinion  that 
A.  conchilega  is  a  Molg-nla.  Of  two  specimens  sent  to 
us  by  Professor  Loven  under  this  name,  both  covered 
with  shelly  fragments,  and  not  to  be  distinguished 
from  each  other  in  external  appearance,  we  found  on 
dissection  that  one  was  a  Molgula  of  this  species  and 
the  other  a  true  Ascidia.  A  Cynthia,  too,  C.  glacialis, 
is  in  like  manner  invested  with  fragments  of  shells, 
and  scarcely  distinguishable  from  these  externally,  so 
little  can  external  characters  be  relied  upon  in  this 
family,  even  in  generic  points  of  view,  when  the 


. 


FIG.  36. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Holgula  conchilega.     Much  enlarged. 

apertures  are  concealed.  All  three  were  unattached. 
The  specimens  received  from  the  late  Professor  Goodsir 
were  covered  with  largish  fragments  of  shell ;  those 
obtained  on  the  Northumberland  coast  are  more 
commonly  clothed  with  mere  sand,  sometimes  having 
minute  shelly  matter  intermingled.  The  size  of  the 
particles  of  this  extraneous  coating  depends  on  the 
accidental  condition  of  the  kind  of  sea-bottom  on  which 
the  specimens  occur,  as  might  be  expected,  for  there 
is  not  anything  to  show  that  the  animal  has  the  power 
of  selecting  these  fragmentary  matters,  but  on  the 
contrary  it  appears  that  it  attaches  indiscriminately 
those  amidst  which  it  happens  to  be  placed. 


44  BRITISH    TUN10ATA. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXIII,  figs.  1-3)  is  delicate  and 
transparent,  with  the  radiating  muscles  towards  the 
base  of  the  tubes  well  developed ;  the  walls  of  the 
tubes  are  rather  stout,  and  are  occasionally  of  a 
yellowish  flesh-colour. 

The  structure  of  the  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXIII,  figs. 
4-6,  and  fig.  36  in  text)  is  very  beautiful ;  the  external 
surface  exhibits  with  great  distinctness  the  rows  of 
large  quadrate  openings  leading  into  the  pouches  of  the 
internal  folds;  and  the  inner  surface  has  a  rich,  delicate, 
lace-like  appearance.  The  seven  longitudinal  folds  are 
well  arched  and  are  prettily  marked  or  reticulated, 
chiefly  by  the  membranous  bands  or  rods  which  stretch 
along  them  from  end  to  end,  and  the  primary  trans- 
verse vessels  which  cross  them  in  a  somewhat  radiating 
manner  from  the  ventral  to  the  dorsal  margin.  There 
are  four  or  five  of  these  bands,  or  rods,  on  each  fold ; 
they  are  rather  wide  and  have  the  free  border  thickened 
or  cord-like.  The  spiral  arrangement  of  the  secondary 
vessels  is  very  complicated  and  difficult  to  trace  on 
account  of  the  multiplicity  of  the  parts ;  on  the  surface 
between  the  folds  the  vessels  take  an  undulatory  course 
more  or  less  in  a  longitudinal  direction,  with  here  and 
there  a  tendency  to  a  spiral  disposition ;  but  within 
the  pouches  towards  the  margins  of  the  folds  the 
spirals  are  much  more  perfectly  defined,  though  it  is 
difficult  even  here  to  trace  them  with  precision ;  but  it 
is  distinctly  seen  that  the  centres  of  the  spirals  are 
arranged  in  pairs  at  the  bottom  of  the  pouches  or 
within  the  margins  of  the  folds.  The  oral  lamina  is 
plain,  much  widened  near  the  mouth,  and  narrow 
upwards.  There  are  8  or  9  large  tentacular  filaments 
with  smaller  ones  between  them,  in  all  18  or  20  ;  they 
are  sometimes  decidedly  bipinnate,  but  most  frequently 
only  imperfectly  so,  being  to  a  great  extent  merely 
pinnate. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PI.  XXIII,  figs.  1-3)  forms 
a  single  open  loop  which  reaches  nearly  to  the  dorsal 
margin.  The  liver  (PL  XXIII),  which  is  of  a  green 


MOLGULA    CONCHILEGA.  45 

colour,  appears  to  be  more  highly  organized  than  it  is 
in  most  of  the  species  ;  it  is  composed  of  laminated 
lobes,  which  on  the  external  surface  appear  as  two 
masses ;  one,  the  smaller,  is  at  the  ventral  margin  of 
the  oesophagus,  between  it  and  the  intestine ;  the  other, 
considerably  larger,  lies  against  the  dorsal  margin  of 
the  stomach ;  these  two  masses  are  united  and  overlie 
the  right  or  inner  side  of  that  organ,  entirely  con- 
cealing it  when  viewed  from  that  aspect.  The  anus 
has  a  simple,  smooth,  reflected  margin. 

The  cylindrical  organ  in  connection  with  the  heart 
is  long  and  well  curved ;  and  the  reproductive  organs 
are  somewhat  irregular  in  form. 

2.  Molgula  complanata  Alder  and  Hancock. 
(Plate  XX1T,  figs.  1-6  ;  and  fig.  37  in  text.) 

Molgula  complanata  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. 

[(4)  VI  (1870),  p.  366]. 

Body  much  depressed,  rather  longer  than  broad, 
adhering  diagonally  by  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the 
left  side,  covered  with  sand  and  small  fragments  of 
shell.  Apertures  at  a  little  distance  apart;  the  branchial 
towards  the  margin,  the  anal  about  the  centre  of  the 
disc.  Test  rather  thin,  covered  with  long  simple  fibrils 
to  which  the  sand  is  attached ;  under  surface  very  thin 
and  smooth  with  only  a  few  grains  of  sand.  Mantle 
transparent,  slightly  attached  to  the  test,  and  with 
strong  radiating  muscles  around  the  apertures.  Ten- 
tacular filaments  simply  pinnate.  Branchial  sac  with 
six  folds  on  the  right  side  and  seven  on  the  left ;  the 
[secondary  vessels  distinct,  and  the]  meshes  a  good  deal 
convoluted.  Intestinal  canal  forming  a  single  lono- 

o  o  o 

loop.  Liver  pale  green,  folded  or  laminated.  Repro- 
ductive organs  composing  an  oblong-ovate  mass  on  each 
side;  the  oviducts  turned  to  the  posterior  margin. 

Length  one  third  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — [Deep  water  ?] 


46 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey,  adhering  to  the  inside 
of  a  dead  shell  of  Patella  .vulgata ;  dredged  (Jeffreys 
fy  Norman}. 

First  ret'on.l. — -Alder  &  Hancock,  1863  ;  coll.  Jeffreys 
&  Norman. 

We  have  seen  only  one  specimen  of  this  well- 
characterized  species  ;  it  is  attached  diagonally  by  the 
greater  portion  of  the  left  side,  and  is  so  much  de- 
pressed that  it  is  quite  discoidal  in  form,  but  a  little 
transversely  elongated. 

The  mantle  is  delicate  and  transparent,  and  is 
minutely  papillose  on  the  outer  surface,  the  papilla 
being  scattered  and  of  a  clavate  form;  it  adheres 
slio-htlv  to  the  test,  but  can  be  removed  with  care. 

tj  •/  ' 


FIG.  37. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Molgula  complanata.     Much  enlarged. 


37 


in 


The  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXIV,  fig.  4,  and  fig. 
text)  is  co-extensive  with  the  body,  and  is  consequently 
pretty-regularly  oval.  The  orifices  of  the  branchial 
pouches  on  the  outer  surface  are  small  and  elliptic, 
but  distinctly  defined.  The  folds,  of  which  there  are 
six  on  the  right  side  and  seven  on  the  left,  are  regularly 
and  strongly  arched,  with  the  concavity  towards  the 
ventral  margin,  the  arch  increasing  in  depth  as  the 
folds  recede  from  the  ventral  margin.  The  secondary 
vessels  form  large,  distinct,  but  somewhat  irregular 
spirals,  which  seem  to  centre  in  the  folds,  there  being 
only  one  or  two  to  each  pouch ;  the  meshes  are  wide, 
comparatively  few,  short  and  simple,  but  sometimes 
enlarged  into  irregular  spaces.  The  radiating  vessels 


MOLGULA    COMPLANATA.  47 

are  more  regular  and  less  numerous  than  usual.  The 
folds  are  rather  narrow  and  they  have  on  each  side 
three  or  four  membranous  bars.  The  endostyle  follows 
the  curvature  of  the  folds  and  is  very  long,  reaching 
almost  to  the  oral  orifice.  The  oral  lamina  is  not  very 

•/ 

wide,  but  gradually  tapers  from  the  mouth  upwards. 
The  tentacular  filaments  are  pretty-regularly  uniform 
in  size  and  are  simply  pinnate. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XXIV,  figs.  1  and  3) 
forms  a  simple,  open  loop,  which  does  not  extend 
much  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  body.  The 
stomach  appears  to  be  quite  small,  and  is  not  well 
defined ;  it  is  entirely  concealed  by  the  hepatic  lobes, 
of  which,  on  the  right,  or  outer,  or  exposed  side  there 
are  four,  on  the  left,  or  inner,  there  is  but  one  large 
ovate  mass.  The  component  laminae,  of  a  pale  green 
colour,  are  short,  thick,  and  strongly  defined.  The 
anal  orifice  (PI.  XXIV,  fig-  3)  has  a  smooth  reflected 
border. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PL  XXIV,  figs.  1-3)  are 
elongated,  ovate,  slightly  arched  bodies,  with  the  ducts, 
which  issue  from  the  narrow  end,  turned  towards  the 
dorsal  region,  or  in  the  opposite  direction  to  that  which 
is  usual.  The  right-hand  organ  is  placed  a  little  above 
the  extremity  of  the  intestinal  loop  ;  that  on  the  left 
side  occupies  relatively  nearly  the  same  position,  and 
is  removed  some  distance  from  the  cylindrical,  cardiac 
body  which  is  about  midway  between  it  and  the  dorsal 
margin,  towards  the  lower  end  of  the  sac.  This  peculiar 
org'an  in  connection  with  the  heart  is  rather  small;  but 
is  considerably  arched  and  has  the  ends  irregularly 
rounded. 

Numerous  ova,  in  every  stage  of  development,  up  to 
the  perfect  tadpole  larva  (PL  XXIV,  fig.  6)  occupied 
the  water-spaces  between  the  branchial  sac  and  man  tie. 
The  larva  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour ;  the  body  much 
elongated,  with  the  anterior  end  a  little  produced,  and 
the  extremity  of  the  tail  supplied  with  a  fin-like 
membrane. 


48  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

M.  complanata  is  readily  distinguished  from  its  con- 
geners. The  depressed  form  and  large  surface  of 
attachment  are  characters  very  unusual  in  this  o^enus. 

*j 

Another    peculiarity   is   the    reversed   position  of   the 
oviducts. 

3.  Molgula  oculata  Forbes. 
(Plate  XXIV,  figs.  7-10.) 

Molgula  oculata  FOEBES  in  Brit,  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  36,  pi.  D, 
f.  6;  [CocKS  in  Kep.  R.  Cornw.  Folyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850), 
p.  73;  RUPERT  JONES  in  Cyclop,  Aiiat,  IV,  pt,  40  (1850), 
p.  1193;  FOEBES  in  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for  1850  (1851),  p. 
243;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  (1856),  p.  337;  BEOKN  Thier- 
Reiclis,  III,  1  (1861),  p.  109;  AXSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel 
Isl.  (1861),  p.  219].  ' 

[Molgula  ocelata  (male  pro  ocnlatn)  COCKS  in  Rep.  R. 
Cornw.  Polyt,  Soc.  1851  (1852),  p.  17.] 


li/  globose,  adhering  slightly  at  the  base,  or  some- 
times free,  closely  encrusted  with  fragments  of  shells 
and  pebbles,  excepting  a  smooth,  depressed,  sharply- 
defined,  reniform  space  above,  which  is  soft,  trans- 
lucent, and  blotched  concentrically  with  bluish  green 
and  orange  or  yellow.  A^i'iiit  r<'*  short  and  wide, 
situated  within  the  smooth  space.  Test  (when  stripped 
of  its  coat  of  extraneous  matter)  thin,  soft,  transparent, 
and  colourless  ;  set  with  irregular,  longish,  glandular 
(hair-like)  fibres,  to  which  the  shells  and  pebbles 
adhere.  Mantle  very  thin  and  transparent,  with  diffi- 
culty separated  from  the  test.  Tentacular  jilaiHcn/* 
branched,  bipinnate.  Branchial  sac  with  seven  rather 
narrow  folds  on  each  side,  the  meshes  (secondary 
vessels)  irregularly  convoluted. 

Diameter  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches. 

Hab.  —  [Laminarian  zone,  adhering  to  shells.] 

ENGLAND.-  Torbay,  Devon  (Alder).  Plymouth, 
Cornwall,  adhering  to  a  scallop  in  25  fathoms;  dredged 
(Forbes  $*  Me  Andrew).  [Helford  River,  Falmouth, 
Cornwall;  in  trawl  refuse  (Gocks.}~\ 


MOLGULA    OCULATA.  49 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS — Guernsey  (Norman). 
First     record. — Forbes,     1848;     coll.    Forbes    and 
Me  Andrew  [1846]. 

Professor  Edward  Forbes  compares  the  apertures  of 
this  very  singular  Molgula  to  eyes  set  in  a  spectacle- 
frame.  Owing  to  the  softness  of  the  test,  the  animal 
collapses  much  in  dying,  the  centre  falling  in,  while 
the  sides  are  kept  out  by  the  stiffening  of  shelly 
matter,  so  that  the  body  assumes  something  of  a 
saucer-shape.  The  external  fibres  are  numerous, 
stout,  twisted  and  angulated,  with  irregular  pointed 
processes ;  they  are  frequently  enlarged  at  the  ex- 
tremity. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXIV,  figs.  7  and  8)  is  exceedingly 
delicate  and  so  firmly  adherent  to  the  test  that  it 
cannot  be  removed  without  laceration  ;  it  is  perfectly 
hyaline. 

The  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXIV,  fig.  10)  has  seven 
folds  on  each  side,  the  folds  have  four  membranous 
rods  at  the  sides,  and  there  is  usually  one  a  little 
distance  from  the  base.  The  spirals  are  large  and 
irregular,  and  are  centred  in  the  folds,  the  radiating 
vessels  being  numerous  and  stout,  giving  to  the  organ 
a  beautifully-trellised  appearance.  The  branchial 
tubercle  is  oval,  with  the  convolutions,  which  are  well 
developed,  turned  downwards  and  backwards.  There 
are  14  or  15  bipinnate  tentacular  filaments,  somewhat 
irregular  in  size. 

4.  Molgula  valvata  sp.  nov. 
(PI.  XXV,  fig.  1  ;  and  figs.  38  and  39  in  text.) 

Bod]/  transversely  ovate,  slightly  compressed,  un- 
attached, thinly  covered  with  minute  particles  of 
sand  and  mud.  Apertures  a  little  apart,  wide  and 
moderately  produced,  placed  in  a  narrow  depression, 
with  the  margins  expanded  into  valvular  folds.  Test 
rather  delicate,  soft,  and  colourless,  covered  with 
numerous,  very  delicate,  angulated  fibrils.  Mantle 

n.  4 


50  BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 

thin  and  transparent,  free  or  attached  only  at  the 
tubes.  Alimentary  canal  largely  developed,  forming 
two  loops,  both  of  which  extend  the  entire  width  of 
the  body  ;  the  liver  of  a  pale  green  colour.  Eepi-o- 
Jnrfirr  or<jn  n  of  the  right  side  fusiform,  lying  upon  the 
rectum  within  the  lower  loop. 

Longest  i.lunui'ter  three-eighths  of  an  inch. 

Hab.— ? 

SCOTLAND. — Hebrides. 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock. 

We  have  seen  only  a  single  individual  of  this  well- 
marked  species  (figs.  38  and  39),  and  unfortunately  the 
internal  parts  were  much  injured,  so  that  many  of  the 


FIG.  38.  FIG.  39. 

FIGS.  38  AND  39. — Test  of  Molgula  valvata.     38,  side  view:  39,  as  seen 
from  above.     Three  and  a  half  times  natural  size. 

characters  could  not  be  determined.  The  external 
features,  however,  are  sufficiently  distinct,  though  they 
resemble  to  some  extent  those  of  M.  oculata,  to  which 
the  present  species  is  undoubtedly  closely  allied.  It  is 
distinguished,  nevertheless,  from  that  species  by  the 
membranous  valvular  expansions  within  which  the 
tubes  are  placed.  In  M.  oculata  the  margins  of  the 
tubular  area  are  not  produced,  while  in  M.  valvata 
they  form  two  distinct  membranous  folds  of  consider- 
able width  which  extend  from  near  the  ventral  margin 
to  about  two-thirds  across  the  body ;  these  folds  are 
approximated  between  the  tubes  and  are  separated  a 
little  in  their  immediate  vicinity,  so  that  here  as  well 
as  in  M.  oculata  the  perforated  tubes  simulate  a  pair  of 


MOLGULA    VALVATA.  51 

eyes  looking  through  spectacles.  The  external  fibrils, 
too,  are  very  different ;  in  M.  valrata-  they  are  extremely 
delicate  and  hair-like,  and  are  much  contorted  and 
confused  ;  but  in  M.  oculutn  they  are  stout,  and,  though 
twisted  and  ano-ulated,  can  be  easily  traced.  And 

O  t 

again  in  the  latter  the  mantle  is  strongly  adherent  to 
the  test,  while  in  M.  ralrata  (PI.  XXV,  fig.  1)  it  is,  as 
usual,  entirely  free  except  at  the  tubes. 

5.  Molgula  simplex  Alder  &  Hancock. 
(PI.  XXV,  figs.  2  and  3;  and  figs.  40  and  41    in  text.) 

Molgula   simplex-   ALDER  &   HANCOCK  in   Ann.    Nat.    Hist. 
[(4)  VI  (1870),  p.  365]. 

Body  globular,  sub-pellucid,  nearly  smooth,  free,  or 
very  slightly  attached.  Apertures  nearly  terminal,  not 
far  apart,  slightly  tubular  and  retractile.  Test  rather 
soft  but  tough,  generally  rather  thinly  clothed  with 
linear  fibrils,  which  are  rarely  forked,  and  seldom  have 
any  sand  or  shell  adhering  to  them.  Tentacular  fila- 
ments branched,  irregularly  tripinnate,  about  eleven  in 
number  with  minute  ones  interspersed.  Branchial  xnc 
with  six  folds  on  each  side,  the  meshes  distinctly  but 
irregularly  convoluted.  Oral  lamina  smooth,  broad 
below.  Intestine  forming  two  loops  confined  to  the 
lower  half  of  the  sac.  Reproductive  organs  forming  a 
slightly  arched  mass  on  each  side,  with  the  margins 
divided  into  narrow  irregular  lobes,  that  of  the  right 
side  within  the  lower  intestinal  loop. 

Diameter  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab.—? 

ENGLAND. --Torbay,  Devon,  and  Plymouth,  Corn- 
wall (Abler). 

SCOTLAND. — Oban,  Argyll  (Alder). 

IRELAND. — Strangford  Lough,  Antrim,  and  Bally- 
waiter,  Down  (Thompson). 

First  record. — 'Alder  &  Hancock,  ]  870. 


52 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


The  mantle  of  this  species  (PL  XXV,  figs.  2  and  3) 
is  very  delicate  and  transparent ;  but  the  radiating1 
muscles  at  the  base  of  the  tubes  are  well  developed. 
The  branchial  folds  (fig.  40)  are  rather  narrow  and 


:   • 


FIG.  40. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Molgula  simplex.     Much  enlarged. 

have  on  each  side  two  or  three  membranous  bars  or 
rods  and  one  immediately  at  the  base.  The  spirals  are 
large  and  distinct,  though  without  perfect  regularity ; 
there  appears  to  be  but  one  to  each  branchial  pouch ; 
the  meshes  are  wide  and  irregular  in  size  and  form ; 


FIG.  41. — A  tentacle  of  Molgula  simplex.     Highly  magnified. 

the  radiating  vessels  are  distinct  and  pretty-regularly 
arranged.  The  branches  of  the  tentacular  filaments 
(fig.  41)  are  rather  irregularly  disposed  so  as  to  give 
them  a  bushy  appearance.  The  extremity  of  the  lower 


MOLGULA    SIMPLEX.  58 

loop  of  the  intestine  reaches  to  the  dorsal  margin  ;  but 
the  upper  loop  is  comparatively  short  and  extends 
only  about  half  way  across  the  body.  The  liver  is 
distinctly  lobed  and  laminated ;  and  the  anal  orifice  is 
margined  by  a  rim  of  nine  or  ten  reflected  processes. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  considerably  elongated 
and  pretty-regularly  elliptical,  and  the  margins,  when 
seen  from  the  exterior,  present  a  double  series  of 
ovarian  lobules ;  the  oviducts  are  short,  constricted, 
and  directed  towards  the  atrium.  The  male  cseca, 
which  are  extremely  minute,  form  on  the  opposite  or 
inner  side  of  the  masses  two  or  three  large  irregularly- 
rounded  nodules. 

Molgida  simplex  has  much  the  external  appearance 
of  Eugyra  arenosa,  agreeing  with  it  in  size  and  form, 
but  differing  in  the  absence  of  the  sandy  covering. 

t/  O 

An  examination  of  the  branchia,  however,  will  at  once 
show  the  distinctness  of  the  two  species.  If.  simplex 
has  also  considerable  resemblance  to  the  As<-iiUn  «inpul- 
loidesof  Van  Beneden,  which  is  undoubtedly  &Mol<jnla. 
That  species  appears  to  be  larger  than  ours  and  to 
have  more  extended  tubes ;  the  test,  too,  is  described 
as  being  solid  and  thick,  which  is  not  the  case  here. 


6.  Molgula  siphonata  Alder. 

(PL  XXV,  figs.  4-6;  PL   XXVI,   figs.   1-4;    PL  XL, 
figs.  1  and  2 ;  and  figs.  42  and  43  in  text.) 

Molgula   siphonata   ALDER  in  Trans.   Tyiieside  Nat.  Field 

Club,  I  (1850),  p.  362. 
Molgula  siphonalis  SAKS  in    Forh.  Vid.-Selsk.  Christ.  1858 

(1859),  p.  65. 

Bod ij  roundish  or  oval,  inflated,  closely  covered  with 
a  coating  of  fine  sand;  attached  by  a  small  base. 
Apertures  long,  non-retractile  tubes,  nearly  terminal, 
a  short  distance  apart,  covered  with  sand  like  the 
body ;  branchial  tube  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long 
and  as  wide;  atrial  longer  and  narrower.  Test  soft, 


54  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

rather  stout,  yellowish  brown  or  nearly  colourless,  set 

^      e/  *^ 

with  short,  stout  fibrils  to  which  the  sand  adheres. 
Mn  a  tie  transparent,  of  a  purple  or  lilac  colour,  showing 
the  viscera  through,  especially  the  ovaries,  which  form 
white  crescent-shaped  double  lines  on  each  side.  Ten- 
tacular filaments  bipinnate,  alternately  large  and  small. 
Branch  iul  *ac  with  six  deep  folds  on  each  side,  the 
meshes  spirally  but  irregularly  convoluted. 


FIG.  42. — Test  of  Molgula  siphonata.     One  and  a  half  nattiral  size. 

Length,  including  the  tubes,  [an  inch  and  a  quarter 
to]  an  inch  and  a  half;  breadth  nearly  the  same  but 
variable. 

Hab. — Coralline  zone. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats  and  Xewbiggin,  Northumb., 
where  it  is  occasionally  brought  in  on  the  fishermen's 
lines  (Aider  $•  Hancock).  Torbay,  Devon  (Alder). 

First  record. — Alder,  1850. 

Molipda  xiphoiuita  is  generally  found  attached  to  the 
slender  stems  of  flexible  zoophytes  from  the  coralline 
zone,  and  is  not  infrequently  partially  concealed  by 


MOLGULA    SIPHONATA.  55 

the  accumulation  of  the  branches;  while  the  yellowish 
brown  colour  of  the  test,  harmonising  well  with  that 
of  the  zoophyte,  renders  the  creature  rather  incon- 
spicuous. 

The  test  (PI.  XXVI,  fig.  1,  and  fig.  42  in  text), 
though  not  by  any  means  thick,  is  comparatively  stout 
for  a  Molcjula,  and  is  tough  and  coriaceous ;  the  fibrils 
(PL  XL,  fig.  2)  are  short  and  strong. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXV,  figs.  4  and  5,  and  PL  XXVI, 
fig.  2)  is  thin  and  transparent,  and  on  the  left  side 
there  are  a  few  scattered,  transverse  fibres  towards 
the  dorsal  margin ;  the  usual  radiating  muscles  at  the 
base  of  the  tubes  are  not  apparent,  but  whether  from 
deficiency  or  from  obscuration  is  uncertain. 

The  external  surface  of  the  branchial  sac  (PL  XXV, 
fig.  6)  exhibits  very  distinctly  the  openings  of  the  six 
rows  of  pouches ;  the  orifices  are  long  and  narrow,  and 
are  divided  by  the  primary  vessels.  The  gill-folds,  of 
which  there  are  six  on  each  side,  are  supplied  on  both 
sides  with  three  membranous  rods ;  and  the  secondary 
vessels  are  arranged  much  in  the  same  manner  as  they 
are  in  M.  conchilega,  that  is,  between  the  folds  they 
show  little  disposition  to  form  spirals,  and  run  chiefly 
in  a  longitudinal  direction,  though  considerably  curved 
and  undulated ;  they  assume,  however,  a  spiral  direction 
within  the  margin  of  the  folds,  where  the  spirals  are 
arranged  in  pairs.  The  radiating  vessels  are  numerous 
and  conspicuous,  and  rise  boldly  in  relief  from  the 
inner  surface  of  the  sac  (PL  XXVI,  fig.  4).  The  oral 
lamina  is  smooth,  wide  at  the  mouth,  and  narrowed 
upwards.  There  are  sixteen  alternately  large  and 
small,  bipinnate  tentacular  filaments  (PL  XL,  fig.  1); 
they  are  a  little  apart,  stout  and  large. 

The  alimentary  canal  forms  two  loops,  the  lower  of 
which  is  wide,  the  upper  narrow  and  not  much  pro- 
duced ;  the  whole  being  placed  towards  the  bottom  and 
ventral  margin  of  the  sac.  The  liver  is  composed 
of  fine  laminae,  which  are  regularly  arranged  on 
each  side  of  a  median  line  ;  the  lobe  of  the  right  side 


56  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

is  not  displayed  externally ;  the  anal  margin  is 
fringed  with  six  or  seven  large,  obtuse,  reflected  pro- 
cesses. 

The  reproductive  organs  (fig.  43)  are  large,  elongated, 
crescentic  bodies,  each  of  which  is  composed  externally 
of  an  irregular  double  row  of  white  or  yellowish 
ovigerous  lobes ;  and  on  the  inner  surface  there  are 
three  or  four  large,  irregularly-rounded,  white  bodies 
composing  the  male  organ ;  the  oviducts  are  short  and 
wide,  and  issue  from  the  ventral  extremity  of  the  organ 
in  the  direction  of  the  atrium;  the  vas  deferens  is  short 
and  much  constricted,  adheres  to  the  inner  surface  of 
the  ovary,  and  opens  near  the  origin  of  the  oviduct. 
In  one  of  the  two  specimens  examined  the  right-hand 


0(1. 


v. 


ts.  v.  v.  d. 


FIG.  43.  —  Reproductive  organs  of  Molgula  siphonata.     Magnified,    r.  Ovary. 
od.  Oviduct,     ts.  Testis.     v.  d.  Vas  deferens. 

organ  had  both  the  ovarian  and  spermatic  ducts  with 
two  nipple-like  outlets,  one  probably  being  ovarian, 
the  other  spermatic  ;  it  may  be  that  this  is  the  normal 
condition  of  the  right-hand  genital  mass. 

The  cardiac  cylinder  is  wide,  decidedly  arched,  and 
wrell  rounded  at  the  extremities. 

7.  Molgula  socialis  Alder. 

(PL  XXVII,  figs.  1  and  2  ;  PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  1  and  2  ; 
PI.  XL  VIII,  fig.  2  ;  and  fig.  44  in  text.) 

Molgula  socialis  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.    (3)  XI  [1863], 
p!  159. 

Boily  ovate,  covered  with  fine  sand,  adhering  by  a 


MOLUULA    SOCIALIS.  57 

small  base.  Apertures  terminal,  approximate,  rather 
small,  tubular.  Text  greenish,  thin,  soft,  covered  with 
longish,  unbranched,  rather  rugged,  glandular  fibrils. 
Mantle  greenish,  soft,  attached  to  the  test  only  at  the 
tubes.  Tentacular  filaments  large,  much  branched, 
tripinnate.  Bra  urinal  sac  with  six  folds  on  each  side; 
the  meshes  very  short,  irregular,  and  imperfectly  con- 
voluted. Oral  la/niita  very  narrow.  Intestine  forming 
two  loops.  Reproductive  organs  narrow,  elongated, 
slightly  arched.  Densely  gregarious. 

Height  about  half  an  inch. 

Halt. — [Coralline  zone  (?),  attached  to  shells.] 

ENGLAND. --The  "Diamond'  trawling  ground  near 
Hastings,  Sussex  [attached  to  Pecten  maximus~\  (Boioer- 
bank). 


: 


FIG.  44. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Molgula  socialis.     Much  enlarged. 

First  record. — Alder,  18(53  ;  coll.  Bowerbank. 

Unlike  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  which  are 
generally  solitary,  this  Molgula  is  associated  in  dense 
masses,  firmly  adhering  to  each  other  by  the  instru- 
mentality of  the  fibrils,  and  so  closely  crowded  are 
they  as  frequently  to  press  the  sides,  giving  rise  to  a 
square,  pentagonal,  or  hexagonal  form.  The  test  is 
touo-h  and  densely  covered  with  fine  sand. 

The  mantle  (PL  XXVII,  figs.  1  and  2),  though 
transparent,  is  thicker  than  usual  and  is  pretty- 
uniformly  of  a  pale  green  colour;  the  radiating  muscles 
at  the  base  of  the  tubes  are  delicate  and  rather  incon- 
spicuous. 

The  external  surface  of  the  branchial  sac  (PL  XXVIII, 


58  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

figs.  1  and  2,  and  fig.  44  in  text)  displays,  in  distinct 
much-curved  lines,  the  rows  of  the  pouch-orifices, 
which  are  of  a  squarish  form;  the  folds  are  rather 
wide  and  deeply  arched,  the  lower  extremities  being- 
turned  well  forward  towards  the  oral  orifice;  the 
ventral  margin  is  much  contracted,  consequently  the 
anterior  folds  are  short,  as  well  as  the  oral  lamina, 
which  is  extremely  narrow.  Between  the  folds  the 
secondary  vessels  are  very  irregular  and  are  only 
approximately  convoluted,  the  stomata  being  short  and 
variously  contorted.  Within  the  folds  there  are  obscure 

. 

indications  of  spirals,  arranged  as  usual  in  pairs ;  the 
folds  bear  three  or  four  wide,  membranous  rods  on 
each  side.  The  branchial  tubercle  (PL  XL VIII,  fig.  2) 
is  well  developed.  There  are  twelve  or  fourteen  very 
large,  tripinnate,  tentacular  filaments,  which  are  pretty 
equal  in  size,  and  form  a  bushy  fringe  at  the  base  of 
the  tube. 

The  intestinal  loops,  of  which  there  are  two,  are 
placed  diagonally  upwards  and  forwards,  the  upper 
loop  not  quite  reaching  across  the  mantle ;  the  anal 
orifice  has  a  narrow,  smooth,  reflected  rim. 

The  genital  organs  (PI.  XXVIII,  figs.  1  and  2)  are 
rather  long  and  narrow,  and  somewhat  curved  ;  the 
right-hand  ovary  fills  up  the  space  within  the  lower 
loop,  and  the  left-hand  one  is  placed  a  little  above  the 
cardiac  cylinder ;  they  are  each  composed  of  an  in- 
distinct double  longitudinal  series  of  irregular  ovarian 
lobules.  The  male  organ  appears  to  be  made  up  of 
two  or  three  irregularly-rounded  bodies  placed  towards 
the  front  of  the  mass.  The  ducts  of  the  two  elements 
are  placed  one  over  the  other,  and  so  closely  united  as 
to  appear  as  a  single  delicate  constricted  tube ;  they 
terminate  a  little  in  front  of  the  organ  in  two  nipple- 
like  orifices. 

The  cardiac  cylinder  is  situated  a  little  below  the 
genital  organ,  and  is  short,  almost  straight,  with  the 
extremities  obtuse. 


MOLGTTLA    INCONSPICUA.  59 

8.  Molgula  inconspicua  Alder  &  Hancock. 
(Plate  XXVII,  figs.  3-5  ;  and  fig.  45  in  text.) 

Molgnla  inconspicua  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. 
[(4)  VI  (1870),  p.  366]. 

Body  globular,  rather  firm,  covered  with  sand  and 
[fragments  of]  shell ;  unattached.  Apertures  approxi- 
mate, tubular.  Test  tough,  clothed  with  irregular 
linear  fibrils.  Mantle  slightly  attached  to  the  test, 
thick  and  fleshy  towards  the  upper  part,  thinner  below, 
the  intestine  showing  through.  Tentacular  filaments 
bipinnate.  Branchial  sac  with  six  folds  on  each  side, 
the  meshes  very  slightly  convoluted  or  almost  linear. 
Oral  lamina  smooth.  Intestinal  canal  laro-e,  reaching- 

O  O 

near  to  the  top  of  the  sac,  twice  looped.  Liver  dark 
green.  Reproductive  organs  forming  a  long,  curved, 
elliptical  mass  on  each  side,  with  the  margins  divided 
into  irregular  lobules,  that  on  the  right  side  within 
the  lower  intestinal  loop. 

Diameter  one-quarter  to  one-third  of  an  inch. 

Hab.—? 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey;  dredged  (Jeffreys  $• 
Norman). 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock,  1870  ;  coll.  Jeffreys 
&  Norman  [1865], 

We  have  seen  only  one  specimen  of  this  species ;  it 
is  globular,  or  perhaps  a  little  ovate  with  the  lower 
extremity  wide  and  well  rounded.  The  test  is  tough 
and  is  readily  divisible  into  two  layers. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXVII,  figs.  3  'and  4)  is  of  a  pale, 
soiled  greenish  colour  (the  specimen  was  preserved  in 
spirit),  and  is  much  stouter  than  usual,  particularly  at 
the  upper  part,  where,  in  the  region  of  the  tubes,  it  is 
quite  thick  and  fleshy  ;  it  is  attached  to  the  test  though 
not  very  firmly;  the  radiating  muscles  are  not  per- 
ceptible externally,  but  are  seen  on  the  inside  to  be 


(50 


BKITISH    TITN1CATA. 


stout  and  widely  separated  ;  the  tubes  are  wide,  well 
produced,  and  terminal ;  they  are  placed  rather  near 
together,  the  atrial  being  scarcely  at  all  lateral ;  and 
their  walls  are  rather  thick  like  the  upper  portion  of 
the  mantle. 

The  branchial  sac  (fig.  45)  is  remarkable  for  the 
simple  arrangement  of  the  secondary  vessels,  which 
are  much  less  curved  and  sinuous  than  usual,  the 
approximation  to  the  spiral  type  being  very  obscure 


..  - 


FIG.  45. — Part  of  branchial  sac  of  Molgula  inconspicua.     Much  enlarged. 

but  nevertheless  quite  determinable ;  the  primary 
vessels  are  pretty  distinct,  and  the  radiating  ones 
more  simple  and  parallel  than  in  most  of  the  species, 
and  there  are  four  or  five  membranous  rods  on  each 
side  of  the  folds,  which  are  strongly  arched ;  the  endo- 
style  is  equally  deeply  curved  and  is  long;  the  oral 
lamina  is  short,  the  space  between  the  mouth  and 
branchial  tubercle  being  rather  contracted ;  it  is 
narrow,  smooth,  and  a  little  widened  as  it  approaches 
the  oral  orifice.  The  tentacular  filaments  are  bipin- 


MOLGULA    INCONSPICUA.  61 

nate,  and  the  branches  are  somewhat  regularly 
disposed. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XXVII,  fig.  5)  is  volu- 
minous and  entirely  fills  up  the  lower  portion  of  the 
sac ;  there  are  two  large  loops,  the  upper  of  which, 
after  passing  about  two-thirds  up,  bends  downwards 
near  the  centre  of  the  mouth.  The  liver  (PL  XXVII, 
fig.  5)  is  of  a  dark  obscure  green,  and  is  seen  externally 
as  two  masses  by  the  sides  of  the  stomach,  that  on  the 

«/ 

ventral  side  being  comparatively  small;  it  appears 
more  highly  organized  than  usual,  and  is  composed  of 
a  few  large,  transverse  laminae  or  fold-like  lobes.  The 
anal  margin  is  narrow,  smooth,  and  reflected. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PL  XXVII,  fig.  5)  are 
rather  large,  considerably  elongated,  and  well  arched, 
with  the  margins  irregularly  lobulated  on  the  external 

o  o  «/ 

surface  ;  on  the  inner  surface  they  are  seen  to  be  com- 
posed of  two  elements ;  the  upper  longitudinal  half  of 
the  right-hand  organ,  and  the  lower  of  the  left-hand 
one,  are  paler  than  the  rest,  or  ovigerous  portion, 
which  is  yellowish ;  the  pale  portions  are  the  male 
elements,  and  are  irregularly  lobed  and  of  a  greenish- 
white  colour ;  the  oviducts  are  short ;  the  vas  deferens 
was  not  observed.  The  cardiac  cylinder,  which  is 
placed  parallel  to,  but  considerably  below,  the  genital 
organ,  is  decidedly  bent  and  has  the  extremities 
obtuse. 

This  rather  obscure  species  is  remarkable  on  account 
of  the  nearly  linear  arrangement  of  the  branchial 
meshes,  which,  however,  preserve  sufficient  curvature 
to  bear  out  the  character  of  the  genus  to  which  it 
belongs.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  M.  simplex,  from  which 
it  differs  in  the  character  of  the  branchial  meshes 
already  noticed,  as  well  as  in  the  less  bushy  tentacular 
filaments,  the  more  voluminous  intestine,  and  in  other 
features  of  the  digestive  organs. 


62  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

9.  Molgula  citrina  Alder  &  Hancock. 

(PI.    XXVI,    figs.    5-9;    PI.    XXVII,   figs.   6-8;    PI. 
XXVIII,  figs.  3-5  ;  PI.  XL,  fig.  4;  PI.  XL VIII, 

fig.  3  ;  and  figs.  46  and  47  in  text.) 

Molgula  citrina  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside 
Nat,  Field  Club,  I  [1848],  p.  198;  [COCKS  in  Rep.  E. 
Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  73;  NORMAN  in  Rep. 
Brit,  Assoc.  for  1868  (1869),  p.  303]. 

Bod)/   transversely    ovate,    convex,    attached   by    a 

•  '  «/  *.- 

broad  base.  Apertures,  branchial  sub-terminal,  slightly 
tubular,  divided  into  six  pointed  segments,  a  little 
everted  when  open ;  anal  about  one-third  down  the 
body  on  the  upper  side,  sub-tubular,  smaller  than  the 
branchial,  and  divided  into  four  less-pointed  segments. 
Test  nearly  smooth,  greenish  yellow,  semitransparent, 
deeper  yellow  or  orange-coloured  at  the  lower  end, 
from  the  viscera  showing  through.  Mantle  smooth, 
yellow.  Tentacular  filaments  pinnate.  Branchial  sac 
with  seven  folds  on  each  side;  the  vessels  irregularly 
convoluted  in  a  double  spiral,  the  spirals  in  the  folds 
distinct,  paired.  Oral  lamina  narrow,  not  widened  at 
the  mouth.  Intestine  in  a  single  loop.  Reproductive 
organs  large,  wide,  irregularly-formed  masses. 

Length  three-eighths  to  half  an  inch. 

Hal). — On  the  underside  of  stones  between  tide 
marks  [and  at  low  water]. 

ENGLAND.— Cullercoats  (Alder  ty  Hancock)  and 
Bamborough  (Alder),  Northumb.  "Wliitburn,  Durham 
(Alder).  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man  (Alder).  [Helford 
River,  Falmouth,  Cornwall;  in  trawl  refuse  (Cocks). ~\ 

SCOTLAND. — [Lerwick,  Shetland,  at  low  water,  1861 
(Norman).] 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock,  1848. 

The  mantle  of  this  species  (PI.  XXVII,  figs.  6  and  7) 
is  quite  diaphanous,  though  somewhat  thickened  in  the 
region  of  the  tubes  ;  the  radiating  muscles  are  long 
and  delicate,  passing  more  than  half  way  down  the  sac. 


MOLGQLA    CITEINA.  63 

The  branchial  sac  (PL  XXVI,  fig.  8,  PL  XXVIII,  figs. 
3  and  4)  displays  well  on  its  exterior  the  mouths  of  the 
branchial  pouches,  placed  in  not  much  curved  longi- 
tudinal rows.  These  orifices  are  large,  oval,  and  pretty 
equal  in  size,  and  the  primary  vessels  are  seen  between 
them  radiating  backwards.  The  folds  a,re  rather  wide, 
not  much  curved,  and  prettily  marked  by  the  spiral  and 
the  primary  vessels ;  and  their  sides  are  supplied  with 
three  widish  membranous  rods.  The  spiral  arrange- 
ment of  the  secondary  vessels  is  not  very  obvious 
between  the  folds,  but  becomes  quite  distinct  within 
them  ;  where  the  spirals  are  placed  in  pairs,  two  pairs 
occupy  each  pouch  formed  or  bounded  by  the  large 


FIG.  46. — Reproductive  organs  of  Molgula  citrina.     Magnified. 

primary  vessels.  The  oral  lamina  differs  from  that  of 
all  the  other  species  in  being  of  nearly  equal  width 
throughout;  it  is  in  fact  rather  narrower  near  the 
mouth,  instead  of  widening  as  usual.  The  branchial 
tubercle  (PL  XLVIII,  fig.  3)  is  in  the  form  of  a  simple 
loop  opening  downwards.  The  tentacular  filaments 
(PL  XL,  fig.  4)  are  twelve  or  fourteen  in  number, 
bipinnate,  irregular  in  size  and  well  developed. 

The  alimentary  canal  (Pl.XXVII,  fig.  6;  PI.  XXVIII, 
tig.  5)  forms  a  simple  loop,  which,  on  reaching  the 
dorsal  margin,  turns  upwards  and  becomes  perpendi- 
cular ;  the  stomach  is  very  slightly  marked,  being  very 
little  wider  than  the  rest  of  the  canal.  The  liver 


64  BRITISH    TUNIOATA. 

(PL  XXVII,  figs.  6  and  7)  is  composed  of  several 
laminated  lobules,  five  or  six  on  one  side  and  one  or 
two  011  the  other ;  the  laminae  are  sharply  defined  and 
the  lobules  more  or  less  rounded.  The  border  of  the 
anal  orifice  is  smooth  and  turned  back. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PI.  XXVII,  figs.  6  and  7, 
PI.  XXVIII,  figs,  o  and  5,  and  fig.  4(3  in  text)  are  large, 
wide,  and  somewhat  irregularly-formed  masses  occupy- 
ing the  usual  positions,  one  on  each  side  of  the  body ; 
the  form  of  the  right-hand  organ  inclines  to  oval,  and 
lies  against  the  rectal  portion  of  the  intestine,  in  front 
and  above  the  loop.  The  male  organ  (fig.  47),  which 
is  composed  of  comparatively  large,  isolated,  ovate 
casca  arranged  in  pairs,  fringes  the  upper  margin  of 


FIG.  47. — Male  testicles  of  Molgula  citrina.     More  highly  magnified. 

the  ovarian  mass  ;  at  the  lower  margin  near  the  origin 
of  the  oviducts  there  is  another  patch  of  male  caeca. 
The  left-hand  genital  mass  is  subtriangular  with  the 

^  . 

upper  and  posterior  slope  bordered  by  a  similar  fringe 
of  male  caeca,  and  at  the  lower  side,  towards  the 
oviduct,  there  is  also  a  similar  belt  of  these  caeca.  The 
oviducts  are  long,  narrow  tubes,  which,  turning 
abruptly  up  in  front  of  the  organ,  incline  towards  the 
atrium ;  they  are  accompanied  by  the  vas  deferens, 
both  conduits  terminating  at  the  same  point ;  but  what 
is  peculiar  is  that  one  of  the  tubes,  apparently  the 
oviduct,  is  entire  only  for  a  short  distance,  and  then 
becomes  an  open  deep  groove,  and  so  continues  to  the 
termination. 

The  cylindrical  organ  in  connection  with  the  heart  is 


MOLGULA    CITKINA.  65 

situated  immediately  below  the  reproductive  organ ; 
it  is  large,  not  much  bent,  and  rounded  at  the  ends. 

This  species  differs  from  all  the  others  of  the  genus 
yet  observed  in  not  being  clothed  with  extraneous  sub- 
stances, owing  to  the  absence  of  glandular  fibrils ;  it  is 
also  the  only  species  except  If.  complanata  which  is 
firmly  attached  by  its  base  [or  side].  The  external 
character  afforded  by  the  number  of  segments  in  the 
apertures,  however,  is  well  borne  out  by  the  internal ; 
the  tentacular  filaments  and  characteristic  branchiae 
showing  it  to  be  a  true  Molyula. 

The  large  ovate  male  casca  are  also  very  peculiar, 
and  in  their  form  have  much  the  appearance  of  the 
same  organs  in  Glavclina  lepadiformis . 


Genus  5.     EUGYRA     Alder  &  Hancock,  1870. 

[Molgula  (pars)  FORBES  in  Brit,  Moll.  I  (1848),  p.  36.] 
Euyyra   ALDER    &    HANCOCK    [in    Ann.   Nat.   Hist.    (4)  VI 
(1870),  p.  367]. 

Body  globular,  unattached,  covered  with  glandular 
fibrils,  and  a  coating,  more  or  less  complete,  of  fine 
sand.  Test  usually  thin  and  transparent,  fibrillous. 
Branchial  aperture  6-lobed,  atrial  4-lobed  ;  placed  on 
slight  tubes,  nearly  inconspicuous  when  contracted. 
Tentacular  filaments  branched.  Branchial  sac  without 
folds,  but  with  longitudinal  plates  or  bands,  the  meshes 
or  secondary  vessels  regularly  convoluted,  each  being 
composed  of  a  double  spiral  coil  meeting  at  the  apex 
and  produced  into  a  little  cone.  Reproductive  organs 
on  the  right  side  only,  placed  partially  within  the  lower 
loop  of  the  intestine  and  partially  above  it. 

Eugyra  is  extremely  like  Molgula  in  external  appear- 
ance, but  differs  nevertheless  so  greatly  in  internal 
structure,  that  were  it  retained  in  that  genus,  the 
characters  of  the  latter  would  have  to  be  defined  much 
more  loosely  than  seems  either  proper  or  convenient. 
Besides  being  distinguished  by  many  minor  points, 

ii.  5 


66  BRITISH   TUNICATA. 

Eugyra  is  characterized  by  having  only  one  genital 
mass,  by  the  deficiency  of  branchial  folds,  and  by  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  branchial  tissue,  the  spiral 
arrangement  of  the  secondary  vessels  of  which  is  much 
more  complete  than  in  any  other  form  ;  and  in  no 
other  genus  with  which  we  are  acquainted  are  the 
spirals  composed  of  a  double  coil.  Nevertheless  the 
Ci/uthia  Dione  of  Savigny  has  a  branchial  sac  of  a 
structure  apparently  similar  to  this,  and  were  it  not 
for  its  four-cleft  aperture  fringed  with  small  filaments, 
might  have  belonged  to  the  same  genus.  The  right- 
hand  ovary  in  that  species  is  placed  outside  the  intestinal 
flexure. 

Gorella  on  the  one  hand,  and  Molijnla  and  Eufjyra  on 
the  other,  form  two  links  in  the  chain  of  affinities 
uniting  Ascidia  with  Cynthia.  ;  while  each  at  the  same 
time  possesses  characters  peculiar  to  itself. 

The  test  of  Eugyra  is  thin  and  membranous  and  is 
in  every  respect  like  that  of  Molf/ula;  it  is  very 
globular  and  the  respiratory  tubes  are  small  and 
approximate. 

The  mantle  is  extremely  delicate  and  transparent, 
and  is  provided  with  numerous,  remote,  radiating, 
muscular  fibres,  extending  from  the  base  of  the  tubes 
and  all  terminating  in  the  same  circular  line  at  a  short 
distance  below ;  above,  they  are  produced  into  the 
tubes,  and  are  throughout  crossed  by  fine,  distant, 
circular  fibres.  A  few  detached,  transverse  fibres 
range  down  the  ventral  surface. 

The  branchial  sac  extends  the  entire  length  of  the 
pallial  chamber,  and  reaches  almost  from  side  to  side. 
It  is  furnished  on  each  side  with  seven  wide,  longi- 
tudinal, ribbon-like  bands,  which  are  attached  by  one 
edge  to  the  primary  or  transverse  vessels  at  the  points 
where  they  cross  them.  These  bands,  how  like  soever 
in  general  appearance  to  the  branchial  folds  in  Molc/ida 
and  Styela,  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  them.  They 
are  the  hoinologues  of  the  longitudinal  bars  so  constantly 
present  in  the  simple  Tunicata ;  and  they  give  to  the 


EUGYKA. 


67 


surface,  together  with  the  transverse  or  primary  vessels, 
which  are  rather  conspicuous,  a  coarse  reticulation,  the 
square  meshes  of  which  are  each  occupied  by  a  conical 
eminence  (fig.  48).  On  account  of  the  prominence  of 
the  longitudinal  bands,  these  eminences,  which  look 


FIG.  48. — Two  of  the  cones  of  the  branchial  sac  of  Eitgyra  arenosa,  seen  in 
front.     Highly  magnified .     (Alder,  in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist.  (3)  XI,  pi.  vii,  f .  4. ) 

like  so  many  miniature  bee-hives  (fig.  40)  seem  to  be 
arranged  in  six  or  seven  longitudinal  series,  though 
they  perhaps  really  compose  transverse  series  between 
the  primary  vessels. 


FIG.  49.  —  A  small  portion  of  the  branchial  sac  of  Eugyra  arenosa,  showing 
the  cones  in  profile.  Highly  magnified.  (Alder,  in  'Ann.  Nat.  Hist.' 
(3),  XI,  pi.  vii,  f.  3.) 


Each  conical  eminence  is  formed  of  a  double  spiral 
coil  of  secondary  vessels  united  at  the  apex,  so  that  the 
blood  will  pass  up  one  coil  and  down  the  other.  The 
coils  are  perfect,  and  the  stomata,  which  are  co-extensive 
with  them,  appear  to  be  scarcely,  if  at  all,  interrupted 


68  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

by  inter-vascular  communications.  Radiating  vessels, 
however,  which  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  prevent 
engorgement,  pass  from  the  apex  of  each  cone  to  the 
transverse  or  primary  vessels,  and  are  the  principal 
interruptions  to  the  continuity  of  the  spiral  stomata. 

The  oral  lamina  is  a  plain,  simple  membranous  band 
which  reaches  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  branchial 
sac,  on  the  right  side  of  the  mouth ;  it  is  widest  about 
the  centre  or  just  below  the  mouth,  which  in  this  genus 
is  placed  much  further  forward  than  usual,  in  a  wide, 
smooth  space  extending  along  the  ventral  margin 
between  the  two  sides  of  the  gill.  There  are  similar 
wide,  smooth  spaces  extending  a^ng  each  side  of  the 
endostyle,  which  is  almost  white,  and  reaches  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  branchial  sac.  The 
anterior  and  posterior  cords  in  connection  with  the 
endostyle  are  well  developed. 

The  tentacular  filaments  are  much  branched  ;  they 
are  about  fifteen  in  number  with  one  or  two  small  ones 
between  them. 

The  alimentary  tube  is  wide  throughout  ;  it  bulges 
from  the  rio-ht  pallia!  wall  into  the  pallia!  chamber, 

o  1  1 

and  is  bent  upon  itself,  so  as  to  form  a  large  transverse 
loop  which  extends  to  the  dorsal  border.  After  follow- 
ing the  loop  it  turns  downwards,  and,  on  reaching  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  tube,  advances  upwards ; 
passing  in  contact  with  the  stomach  and  oesophagus, 
it  forms  a  second  short  open  loop,  and  then  terminates 
in  the  cloaca  at  the  base  of  the  excurrent  tube. 

The  anus,  which  is  large,  has  a  wide,  bilobed, 
reflected,  papillose  margin.  The  oesophagus  is  short 
and  somewhat  constricted.  The  stomach  is  wide  in 
front,  elongated  downwards  and  backwards,  and  sub- 
sides gradually  into  the  intestine  so  that  the  pyloric 
extremity  is  ill  defined. 

The  liver  is  of  a  tawny-brown  colour,  and  forms  a 
compact  mass  which  lies  mostly  at  the  ventral  margin 
of  the  stomach,  and  is  spread  over  the  left  side  of  that 
organ,  partially  enveloping  it. 


EUGYRA.  69 

The  digestive  organs  in  E.  globosa,  are  similar  to 
those  of  E.  arenosa  which  are  described  above.  The 
intestinal  loop  is,  however,  shorter  than  in  it,  and  that 
formed  by  the  rectal  portion  is  so  shallow  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  exist.  No  portion  of  the  intestine 
is  wide,  and  the  upper  or  rectal  half  is  somewhat  con- 
stricted ;  the  liver  is  of  a  black-green  colour,  and  forms 
a  large  subquadrate  mass,  entirely  concealing  the 
stomach — overlying  it  apparently  on  both  its  right  and 
left  sides ;  there  is  a  small  supplementary  lobe  placed 
in  contact  with,  and  immediately  below,  the  principal 
mass. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  confined  to  the  right 
side ;  there  is  only  one  mass  combining  both  elements. 
This  lies  on  the  inner  or  left-hand  surface  of  the 
intestine,  the  posterior  portions  passing  into  the  great, 
or  first,  or  lower  loop ;  the  anterior  extremity  crosses 
the  intestine  and  terminates  in  the  second,  shallow 
loop  formed  by  the  rectal  portion  of  the  tube.  There 
is  thus,  when  seen  through  the  right  side  of  the  mantle, 
the  appearance  of  two  distinct  generative  masses.  The 
female  organ  is  an  elongated  sac  with  the  posterior  end 
doubled  upon  itself,  and,  when  filled  with  mature  eggs, 
is  of  a  bright  yellow  colour.  The  testis,  which  is  of  a 
dull  purple  hue,  when  observed  in  specimens  preserved 
in  spirit,  is  composed  of  a  great  number  of  irregular, 
elongated  vesicles  or  caecal  tubes,  which  are  combined 
into  a  dense  mass  that  enfolds  and  nearly  conceals  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  ovigerous  sac,  and  overlies  to 
a  great  extent  the  anterior  portion,  which  is  rounded 
in  front,  and,  along  with  the  ovary,  abuts  against  the 
intestine  a  little  way  below  the  anal  termination  ;  and 
here  the  oviduct,  which  is  a  long  nipple-like  tube, 
opens  into  the  cloaca.  The  reproductive  organs  in 
E.  globosa  do  not  differ  in  any  important  character 
from  the  above. 


70  BEITJSH    TUNTCATA. 

1.  Eugyra  arenosa  Alder  &  Hancock. 

(El.  XXVI,  figs.  10-12;  PL  XXIX,  figs.  1-4;  PL  XL, 
fig.  5 ;  and  figs.  48  and  49  in  text.) 

Itlolgnla  tululosa  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  36 
(pars,  excl.  fig.)  ;  [Cocxs  in  Rep.  E.  Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc. 
1849  (1850),  p.  73;  THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist,  Ireland,  IV 
(1856),  p.  360;  HUXLEY  in  Cams  Icon.  Zootom.  I  (1857), 
pi.  xviii,  ff.  1-9  ;  DICKIE  in  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1857 
(1858),  pp.  105,  111 ;  MclNTOSH  in  Proc.  E.  Soc.  Edinb. 
V  (1866),  p.  605;  LECAZE-DUTHIERS  in  Conrpt.  Eend. 
LXX  (1870),  p.  1154,  and  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (4)  VI 
(1870),  p.  109]. 

\_Molyula  tnbnlaris  THOMPSON  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (2)  I 
(1848),  p.  63;  FORBES  in  Eep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for  1850 
(1851),  p.  242.]  Non  Ascidia  tubuhtrls  EATHKE  in 
Miiller's  Zool.  Danica,  IV  [1806]. 

Molgula  arenosa,  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  I  (1848),  p.  197;  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit. 
Moll.  II  [1849],  p.  374;  [HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. 
(2)  V  (1850),  p.  196;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  [(1856),  p. 
357,]  (excl.  fig.)  ;  [LEWES  Sea-side  Stud.  Ilfracombe 
(1858),  p.  91  ;]  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist,  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  160,  pi.  vii,  ff.  3,  4;  [in  Nat,  Hist,  Trans.  Northumb. 
Durli.  I  (1865),  p.  11  ;  and  in  Eep.  Brit  .Assoc.  for 
1866  (1867),  p.  208;  MCINTOSH  in  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc. 
for  1867  (1868),  Sect.  p.  92;  NORMAN  in  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc. 
for  1868  (1869),  p.  302]. 

Body  globular,  hyaline,  unattached,  closely  covered 
with  sand,  excepting  generally  a  bright  smooth  area 
on  one  side.  Apertures  nearly  terminal,  approximated, 
not  much  produced,  conical  or  slightly  tubular,  retrac- 
tile ;  set  in  a  small  circumscribed  area  with  a  raised 
rim,  appearing  like  a  slit  when  contracted.  Test  soft, 
glossy,  transparent  and  colourless,  with  delicate  slender 
fibrils  sometimes  a  little  branched.  Mantle  free,  except 
at  the  tubes,  very  thin,  soft,  transparent,  showing  the 
viscera  very  distinctly  through  it.  Tentacular  fila- 
ments bipinnate,  beautifully  spotted  with  bright  opaque 
yellow.  Brain-Hal  sac  with  seven  longitudinal  bands 
on  each  side,  between  which  are  seven  rows  of  conical 


EUGYEA    AEENOSA.  71 

eminences,  formed  of  a  double  spiral,  each  of  delicate 
vessels,  meeting  at  the  apex  and  giving  the  sac  a 
festooned  appearance.  Oral  lamina  extending  below 
the  month,  smooth,  wide  at  the  middle  and  narrowing 
above  and  below.  Reproductive  organs  single,  confined 
to  the  right  side. 

Diameter  three  quarters  of  an  inch. 

H«b. — Deepisli  water,  in  sand  and  mud. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats  and  Newbiggin,  Northumb. 
(Alder  4*  Hancock  [1848]).  [Northumb.,  Durham, 
and  Dogger  Bank  (Alder,  1865).  Ilfracombe,  Devon 
(Lewes,  1858).  Falmouth,  Cornwall  (Cocks,  1849).] 

WALES.— [Tenby  (Lewes,  1858).] 

SCOTLAND.— [St.  Andrews,  Fife  (Mclntosli,  1867).] 
West  coast  [Clyde  and  Hebrides]  (Forbes  [1848]). 
[Lochmaddy,  North  Uist,  Outer  Hebrides  (Mclntosh, 
1866).]  Shetland,  in  40  fathoms  (Norman),  [in  20-80 
fathoms  (Forbes,  1850).  Common  on  the  haddock- 
gronnds  between  Whalsey  and  Feltar ;  east  of  Balta; 
St.  Magnus  Bay,  &c.  ;  Shetland  (Norman,  1868)]. 

IRE  LAND. — [Ballyholme  Bay,  Belfast  Lough,  dredged 
from  pure  sand  at  about  6  fathoms  depth,  1846 
(Thompson,  1856),  and  Strangford  Lough,  from  7-20 
fathoms  (Dickie,  1857),  Down.] 

First  record—Forbes,  1848  [coll.  Thompson,  1846]. 

This  interesting  species  is  far  from  being  rare  on  the 
Northumberland  coast,  where  it  is  frequently  brought 
to  shore  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  fishermen's 
lines,  usually  hooked  singly  ;  and  occasionally  they  are 
in  such  abundance  on  a  single  line  as  to  indicate  that 
they  must  thickly  stud  the  bottom  of  the  sea  in  certain 
localities.  They  are  always  from  a  considerable  depth 
and  from  a  muddy  or  sandy  bottom,  and  generally 
associated  with  Molgida  conchilega.  The  fishermen 
call  them  Nelson's  bullets,  from  their  rotund  form  ; 
but  why  Nelson's  in  particular  is  not  very  obvious, 
unless  par  excellence,  he  is  the  type  of  marine  warfare. 

Molgula  tubulosa  of  Forbes,  is,  in  '  British  Mollusca,' 


72  BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 

referred  (we  think  erroneously)  to  the  Ascidia  tuln- 
laris  of  Rathke  in  '  Zoologia  Danica.'  *  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  Forbes  may  have  included  more  than 
one  species  under  this  name,  as  there  are  several  sand- 
covered  Ascidians  which  are  with  difficulty  distinguished 
on  a  superficial  examination.  His  description  belongs 
to  E.  areiioxa,  but  the  figure  represents  the  tube  much 
lono-er  and  more  cylindrical  than  the  usual  form. 

O  «/ 

As  a  pretty  full  account  is  given  of  the  internal 
organization  in  the  generic  description,  much  need  not 
be  said  here  011  the  subject. 

The  mantle  (PL  XXIX,  fig.  1),  in  specimens  pre- 
served in  spirit,  is  of  a  purplish  colour,  and  is  so 
delicate  and  transparent  that  the  viscera  are  sharply 
defined  at  the  external  surface.  The  tubes  are  rather 
slender  and  conical,  and  the  radiating  muscles  at  their 
base  are  very  regularly  disposed  and  strongly  marked 
on  account  of  their  dark  purple  hue  ;  they  thicken 
gradually  towards  their  lower  extremities  which  are 
spread  out  like  the  rays  of  a  fan,  as  all  terminate  at 
the  same  transverse  line ;  but  as  they  are  not  con- 
spicuous in  a  fresh  state  it  would  seem  that  the  colour 
may  be  owing  to  the  effect  of  the  alcohol.  The  tissue 
of  the  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXIX,  figs.  2  and  3)  is 
extremely  delicate  ;  on  the  external  surface  (PL  XXIX, 
fig.  2)  the  primary  vessels  divide  the  spirals  into  trans- 
verse rows,  the  spirals  appearing  as  large,  hollow,  oval 
pouches,  six  or  seven  in  each  row.  On  the  inner  sur- 
face (PL  XXIX,  fig.  3)  the  spirals  project  boldly  into 
the  cavity  of  the  sac,  each  forming  a  square  area  defined 
by  the  longitudinal  bands  and  primary  vessels.  The 
endostyle  reaches  to  the  bottom  of  the  sac  and  has  on 
each  side  a  rather  wide,  smooth  space  devoid  of 
secondary  vessels.  The  longitudinal  bands  or  rods  are 
not  much  arched ;  they  are  wide,  delicate,  and  mem- 
branous, and  abut  below  on  the  oral  lamina,  which 
extends  downwards  almost  to  the  bottom  of  the  dorsal 
margin  of  the  sac.  The  mouth,  being  placed  at  the 

*  [Forbes  here  referred  to  this  species  as  "Ascidia  tululosa  Eathke."] 


EUGYRA   ABENDS A.  73 

lower  extremity  of  the  ventral  margin,  which  is  much 
contracted,  seems  as  though  situated  about  the  centre 
of  the  branchial  organ ;  it  opens  at  the  upper  extremity 
of  a  wide,  smooth,  elongated  space  which  reaches  to 
the  bottom  of  the  sac. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XXIX,  figs.  1  and  4)  is 
wide  and  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  body;  it 
forms  two  loops,  the  lower  of  which  is  transverse  and 
extends  to  the  dorsal  region ;  the  upper  is  shallow  and 
placed  over  the  ventral  margin.  The  liver  (PL  XXIX, 
fig.  4)  is  rather  bulky  and  of  a  rich  tawny-brown 
colour ;  the  anal  orifice  is  large  and  provided  with  a 
wide,  reflected  margin,  which  forms  two  lateral  lobes ; 
that  on  the  left  side  is  covered  on  its  internal  surface 
with  clavate  papilla? ;  the  opposite  lobe  is  smooth,  but 
has  the  margin  denticulated. 


2.   Eugyra  globosa  Hancock. 
(PL  XXVIII,  figs.  5-7.) 

Eugyra  globosa  HANCOCK  in  Ann.  Xat.  Hist.  [(4)  VI  (1870), 
p.  367]. 

Body  globular,  unattached,  [almost]  entirely  covered 
with  sand  and  fragments  of  shell.  Apertures  not  quite 
terminal,  placed  near  together,  rather  wide,  resembling 
a  pair  of  teats,  colourless,  transparent,  placed  in  a 
well-defined,  bilobed,  narrow  area,  devoid  of  attached 
sand.  Test  soft,  thin,  with  very  delicate  and  for  the 
most  part  simple  fibrils.  Mantle  free  and  only 
attached  at  the  tubes,  thin,  colourless,  or  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow,  transparent,  the  viscera  showing 
through ;  tubes  hyaline,  with  delicate  membranous 
walls.  Branchial  sac  with  the  vessels  of  the  double 
spiral  coils  rather  stout.  Tentacular  filaments  branched. 
Intestine  forming  a  single  loop,  short  and  constricted 
towards  the  anal  extremity,  and  widening  at.  its 
junction  with  the  stomach.  Liver  bulky,  of  a  very 
dark  olive-green  colour.  Reproductive  organs  pale 


74  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

yellow,  placed  partly  within  the  intestinal    loop   and 
partly  above  it. 

Diameter  half  an  inch. 

Hal).—? 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Off  Ferniain  Bay,  Guernsey; 
dredged  (Jeffreys  fy  Norm  an). 

First  record. — Hancock,  1870;  cull.  Jeffreys  & 
Norman  [1865]. 

We  have  seen  only  a  single  individual  of  this  species, 
and  as  the  internal  parts  were  in  a  bad  state,  notwith- 
standing the  fine  condition  of  the  test  and  mantle,  not 
much  of  the  details  has  been  determined.  The  form 
of  the  test  (PL  XXIX,  fig.  5)  is  pretty-regularly 
globular,  and  the  smooth  transparent  area,  within 
which  the  tubes  are  placed,  is  well  denned  by  an 
abrupt  margin  ;  it  is  a  little  elongated,  somewhat  con- 
tracted in  the  centre,  with  the  ends  rounded.  The 
tubes  are  cylindrical,  stout,  and,  though  short,  longer 
and  much  more  conspicuous  than  they  are  in  E.  arenosa; 
they  are  perfectly  hyaline  and  colourless;  and  are 
placed  near  together,  and  when  fully  expanded,  as  we 
are  informed  by  Mr.  Norman,  are  almost  touching. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXIX,  figs.  6  and  7)  is  free  except 
at  the  tubes  ;  it  is  very  delicate,  perfectly  transparent, 
and  almost  colourless,  the  tinge  of  yellow  which  is  per- 
ceptible being  apparently  caused  by  the  internal  tissues 
showing  through.  No  radiating  muscles  are  visible  at 
the  base  of  the  tubes,  nor  are  muscular  fibres  observed 
anywhere  else  in  connection  with  the  mantle.  The 
branchial  tube  is  nearly  terminal,  the  atrial  a  short 
way  clown  the  ventral  margin ;  both  are  wide,  a  little 
produced,  and  cylindrical.  There  is  a  smooth  space  on 
each  side  of  the  endostyle. 

The  alimentary  canal  forms  a  single  loop,  which 
extends  not  much  more  than  half  way  across  the  body  ; 
a  trace  of  a  second  loop  is  caused  by  the  upward  turn 
of  the  rectum ;  the  lower  portion  of  the  loop,  or  that 
next  the  stomach,  enlarges  gradually  forwards  to  its 


EUGYEA   GLOBOSA.  75 

junction  with  the  upper  or  rectal  portion,  is  much  less 
in  diameter  than  the  lower,  and  at  its  junction  with 
the  latter  it  is  suddenly  constricted,  the  constriction 
being  near  the  end  of  the  loop.  The  liver,  which  is  of 
a  dark  olive  or  blackish  green,  is  bulky  and  divided 
into  two  lobes  ;  one,  much  the  larger,  seems  to  envelope 
the  stomach,  the  other  is  situated  immediately  below 
and  in  contact  with  the  large  mass  on  the  right  side, 
but  is  a  little  separated  on  the  left.  The  margin  of  the 
amis  is  apparently  smooth,  but  it  was  not  distinct. 

E.  glolosa  is  distinguished  from  its  congener  by  the 
form  and  greater  size  of  the  tubes,  by  the  less  volu- 
minous intestine,  by  the  shortness  of  its  loop,  and  by 
the  dark  colour  of  the  liver. 


Family  3.     CYNTHIAD.E. 

Animal  simple,  coriaceous,  sac-formed  or  globose, 
sessile,  attached  or  free.  Tfst  generally  adhering  to 
the  mantle  throughout.  Branchial  and  atrial  apertures 
4-lobed  or  quadrate,  sometimes  appearing  nearly  cir- 
cular when  expanded;  without  ocelli.  Tentacular  fila- 
ments simple  or  compound.  Branchial  sac  generally 
with  folds,  the  meshes  rectilinear. 

Genus  6.     CYNTHIA    Savigny,  1809. 

Ascidia    (pars)   LINNJCUS   Syst.  Nat.    [I,  pt.    2]     (1767),    p. 

1087;  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  Proclr.    [1776],  p.  224; 

FABRICIUS  Fauna  Grcenl.  [1780],  p.  330;  LAMARCK  Hist. 

Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  eel.  1  [III  (1816),  p.  119]. 
Cynthia    SAVIGNY   [in  Descr.  Egypt.,   Hist.  Nat.  I    (1809), 

pt.  3,  p.  39,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  pt,  2  [1816],  pp. 

90,  142 ;  DUJARDIN  in  Lamarck's  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans 

Vert.  eel.  2,  III  [1840],  p.  529;  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I 

[1848],  p.  37  ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 

Field  Club,  I    [1848],   p.  195;   HUXLEY  in  Phil.  Trans. 

[1851,  pi.  xix  ;]  GOSSE  Man.  Marine  Zool.  II  [1856],  p.  35  ; 

WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.   [1856],  p.  338;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS 

Gen.  Eecent  Moll.  I  [1858],  p.  591. 


76  BRITISH    TUNIOATA. 

[?]  Pandocia  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  [1828],  p.  468. 
G-landula  STIMPSON    [in  Proc.  Boston    Soc.  Nat.  Hist.    IY 
(1852),  p.  230]. 

Body  sessile,  attached  either  by  the  base  or  side. 
Test  coriaceous,  opaque,  adhering  to  the  mantle  more 
or  less  throughout.  Both  apertures  quadrate  or  4-lobed. 
Branchial  sac  with  more  than  four  folds  on  each  side, 
the  meshes  rectilinear.  Tentacular  filament*  pinnate 
or  branched.  Stomach  and  intestine  on  the  right  side 
of  the  body.  Reproductive  organs  on  both  sides. 


Cynthia  microcosmus  Savigny. 

North,  East,  and  West  of  Ireland,  W.  Thompson 
[Nat.  Hist.  Ireland,  IV  (1856),  p.  361]. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  Mr.  Thompson,  who  is  the 
only  one  that  has  recognized  this  species  as  British,* 
may  not  have  mistaken  some  other  species  for  it. 
Milne  Edwards  says  that  the  C.  microcosmus  of  Savigny 
is  not  that  of  Cuvier. 

1.  Cynthia  rosea  Alder. 
(PL  XXXI,  figs.  1  and  2 ;  and  fig.  50  in  text.) 

Cynthia  rosea  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863],  p. 
161. 

Body  cylindrical,  nearly  [two-thirds]  as  broad  as 
high,  rose-coloured,  adhering  to  shells  by  a  tolerably 
broad  base.  Apertures  on  large  mamillae,  yellowish, 
with  four  double  stripes  of  red,  and  covered  with 
minute,  crystalline,  pointed  spicula.  Test  thick,  tough, 
opaque,  smooth,  [or  roughened  with  warty  tubercles,] 
rose-coloured,  closely  adhering  to  the  mantle.  Mantle 
flesh-coloured  or  orange,  opaque.  Tentacular  filaments 
large,  bipinnate.  Branchial  sac  orange,  with  eight 
deep  folds  on  each  side.  Oral  lamina  smooth,  undu- 
lated above.  Reproductive  organs  in  two  lobulated 

*  [See  Dr.  Dickie's  record  m  'Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.'  for  1857,  p.  111.] 


CYNTHIA   ROSEA.  77 

masses  ;  that  on  the  right   side    partially  within   the 
intestinal  loop. 

Length  about  an  inch  and  a  half. 

Hnb. — On  shells  in  10  to  15  fathoms. 

ENGLAND. — From     the    Diamond    trawling-ground, 
twelve  miles  off  Hastings,  Sussex  (Bowerbank}. 
First  record. — Alder,  1863  ;  coll.  Bowerbank. 

The  test  of  large  specimens  is  somewhat  wrinkled, 
and  the  warty  tubercles  are  usually  of  a  darker  rose- 
colour  than  the  rest  of  the  surface;  they  are  never 
crowded,  and  in  young  individuals  are  occasionally 


FIG.  50. — Mantle  of  Cynthia  roses.    One  and  one-third  natural  size. 

entirely  absent,  when  the  surface  is  smooth.  The 
spicula  which  cover  the  tubes  are  close-set  and  sharply 
pointed,  and  give  to  the  surface  a  minutely-hispid 
appearance. 

The  mantle  (fig.  50)  is  thick,  opaque,  and  fleshy,  with 
the  muscular  fibres  close-set  and  regularly  disposed  ; 
on  the  inside  the  fibres  are  strongly  developed,  being 
closely  arranged  in  parallel  order.  The  pallia!  pro- 
cesses are  not  numerous ;  but  are  unusually  large  and 
are  irregularly  angulated.  The  tubes  are  well  pro- 
duced and  taper  towards  the  extremity. 

The  branchial  folds  (Plate  XXXI,  fig.  1)  are  wide 


78  BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 

and  delicate ;  the  primary  vessels  vary  in  size,  seven 
or  eight  being  much  larger  than  the  rest,  and  having 
between  them  usually  two  or  three  small  ones  ;  the 
secondary  vessels  are  delicate.  The  longitudinal  rods 
or  bars  are  very  narrow  ;  there  are  six  or  seven  on 
each  fold  and  three  or  four  between  them.  The  oral 
lamina  is  narrow,  but  widens  a  little  downwards.  The 
branchial  tubercle  is  lars'e  and  strongly  convoluted  :  it 

<_ )    d 

is  placed  diagonally  with  the  convolutions  inclined 
backwards  and  downwards. 

The  alimentary  tube  (PI.  XXXI,  fig.  2)  forms  a 
deep,  narrow  loop  placed  across  the  lower  portion  of 
the  pallia!  sac ;  the  stomach  is  ill-defined,  and  the 
whole  track  is  much  obscured  by  the  reproductive 
organs  and  the  liver  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  2),  which  latter 
is  of  a  pale  greenish  colour,  and  composed  of  three 
lobulated  masses  attached  to  the  left  side  of  the  oeso- 
phagus and  stomach. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PI.  XXXI,  fig.  2)  are 
irregular  lobulated  masses ;  that  on  the  left  side  is 
more  consolidated  than  the  other,  and  is  somewhat 
transversely  elongated ;  the  right-hand  organ  is  com- 
posed of  several  masses  which  encumber  the  looped 
portion  of  the  intestine.  The  oviduct  and  vas  cleferens 
leave  the  ventral  margins  of  the  organs  side  by  side ; 
thev  are  short  tubes,  the  oviduct  is  the  wider  of  the 

«/ 

two,  and  both  pass  a  little  upwards  and  forwards  to 
the  base  of  the  excurreut  tube,  the  intestine  lying 
between  the  two  sets  of  tubes,  but  at  some  little 
distance  from  them. 

2.  Cynthia  claudicans     Savigny. 

(PI.  XXX,  figs.  1  and  2 ;  PI.  XXXI,  fio-s.  3-5 ;  PI.  XL, 
fig.  6  ;  PL  XL VIII,  fig.  4 ;  and  fig^  51  in  text.) 

Cynthia  eland  leans  SAVIGNY  [in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Xat.  I 
(1809),  pt,  3,  p.  39,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  [pt,  2 
(1816),]  pp.  90, 150,  pi.  ii,  fig.  \  (2)  ;  [?  THOMPSON  in  Ann. 
Nat.  Hist.  (I)  V  (1840),  p.  95;]  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit, 


CYNTHIA   CLATJDICANS.  79 

Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  37;  [?]  THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist.  Ireland,  IV 
[1856],  p.  361;  [?  DICKIE  in  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1857 
(1858),  p.  Ill;  ANSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel  Isl.  (1862), 
p.  219  ;  LANSWEEBT  in  Ann.  Soc.  Malac.  Belg.  Ill  (1868), 
Mem.  p.  115]. 

Body  tuberous,  more  or  less  rounded,  attached  by  a 
broad  base.  Apertures,  branchial  terminal,  expanded  at 
the  margin  and  prettily  striped  with  rose-colour  and 
yellow ;  atrial  rather  distant,  conical,  coloured  like  the 
branchial.  Test  tough,  rugose,  much  wrinkled  in  all 
directions,  and  hispid,  often  encrusted  with  zoophytes 
and  fragments  of  shells ;  of  a  rosy  brown  above,  paler 
below ;  inside  shining.  Mantle  orange  coloured, 
strongly  muscular.  Tentacular  filaments  doubly  pin- 
nate. Branchial  sac  with  eight  folds  on  the  right 
side  and  nine  on  the  left.  Oral  lamina  small,  smooth. 
Reproductive  organs  forming  a  rounded,  slightly 
lobated  mass  on  each  side. 

Diameter  about  an  inch. 

Hub. — On  oysters,  especially  in  the  south  (Forbes'). 

SCOTLAND. — West  Coast  (Forbes  fy  McAndrew). 
IRKLAND. --[?   North-east    Coast    (Thompson);    and 
Strangford  Lough,  Down  (Dickie,  1857).] 
CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Alder). 
First  record.— -[?  Thompson,'  1840].  ' 

[The  test  of  this  species  is  represented  by  fig.  1  on 
Plate  XXX.] 

The  mantle  is  thick,  opaque,  and  muscular ;  on  the 
outer  surface  the  various  systems  of  fibres  are  dis- 

*/ 

tinctly  seen,  and  on  the  inner  they  are  conspicuously 
displayed,  particularly  the  transverse  fibres  which 
form  a  beautiful  close-set  parallel  system.  The  internal 
pallia!  processes  are  not  numerous ;  they  are  large, 
scattered,  and  of  an  irregular  form ;  the  tubes  are  long. 
The  branchial  sac  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  3)  has  usually 
eisrht  wide  folds  on  the  right  side  and  nine  on  the  left : 

O  O 

but  in  one  individual  examined  there  were   eis^ht  on 

o 

both   sides.     Savigny  says  that  the  number  varies  a 
little,  though  there   are  always  more  on  the  left  than 


80  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

on  the  right  side.  The  primary  vessels  are  irregular 
in  size ;  the  large  ones  are  stout  and  have  generally  a 
small  one  between  them.  The  longitudinal  rods  are 
wider  than  they  are  in  the  preceding  species ;  there 
are  usually  seven  on  each  side  of  the  folds,  and  one  or 
two  between  them.  The  oral  lamina  (PI.  XLVIII, 
fig.  4)  is  narrow,  a  little  undulated  above,  and  it 
widens  somewhat  below,  but  dies  o-raduallv  out  bv  the 

O  e/  f 

side  of  the  mouth.  The  branchial  tubercle  (PI.  XLVIII, 
fig.  4)  is  rather  small,  with  the  ends  turned  w^ell 
inwards,  but  not  convoluted ;  it  is  placed  a  little 
diagonally,  being  slightly  inclined  towards  the  endo- 

FIG.  51.  PIG.  52. 


-    - 

- 

.' 


FIG.  51. — The  livei1  in  Cynthia  claudicans.     FIG.  52. — The  liver  in  Cynthia 
squamulosa.     Both  magnified. 

style  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  5),  which  is  rather  stout  and  of 
a  dark  warm  colour.  The  tentacular  filaments  (PI.  XL, 
fig.  6)  are  fourteen  or  fifteen  in  number,  large,  pretty 
equal  in  size,  and  regularly  bipinnate. 

The  alimentary  canal  is  placed  towards  the  bottom 
of  the  pallial  sac ;  it  forms  a  deep  close  loop  which 
passes  for  some  distance  upwards  by  the  side  of  the 
endostyle ;  the  stomach  is  not  strongly  defined  and  is 
obscured  by  the  liver  which  is  spread  over  its  left-hand 
surface ;  the  rest  of  the  tube,  with  the  exception  of 
the  rectal  portion  of  the  intestine,  is  concealed  by  the 
reproductive  organs  ;  the  margin  of  the  anus  is  smooth 
and  reflected.  The  liver  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  4,  and  fig.  51 
in  text)  is  of  a  pale  yellowish-green  colour,  and  is 
composed  of  two  principal,  minutely  laminated,  masses  ; 


CYNTHIA    CLAtlDICANS.  81 

the  laminae  are  arranged  transversely,  and  their  edges 
appear  at  the  surface  like  branched  tubes  which  are 
beset  with  a  few  large  papillae. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PI.  XXXI,  fig.  4)  are 
large,  irregularly-rounded  masses ;  that  on  the  left 
side  is  composed  of  a  congeries  of  rounded  ovigerous 
lobules  having  in  the  interstices  clusters  of  male  caeca. 
On  the  right  side  there  is  a  similar  mass  of  ovigerous 
lobules  and  sperm -vesicles  lying  above  the  looped 
portion  of  the  intestine ;  and  between  this  mass  and 
the  endostyle,  overlying  the  dorsal  limb  of  the  loop,  is 
a  dense  mass  of  male  caeca,  which  are  large,  short, 
obtuse,  and  united  in  pairs.  The  oviduct  and  vas 
deferens  are  short  and  united  so  as  to  appear  as  a 
single  stoutish  tube,  but  open  through  separate  nipple- 
like  orifices ;  that  of  the  oviduct  has  the  orifice  four- 
cleft,  and  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  male  outlet. 
These  ducts  extend  from  the  ventral  margin  of  the 
genitalia,  and  stretch  towards  the  excurrent  orifice  at 
some  little  distance  on  each  side  of  the  anus. 

Cynthia  daudicans  appears  to  be  a  southern  form 
and  has  not  yet  been  found  on  the  North  and  East 
coasts  of  Great  Britain.  There  may  be  some  doubt 
whether  the  locality  "  North  of  Ireland '  given  by 
Mr.  Thompson  is  correct,  as  the  species  is  not  in  his 
collection.  Specimens  of  the  allied  form  C.  squamulosa 
Aid.  were  found  in  it,  and  without  name  but  labelled 
"  Strangford  and  Belfast  Loughs."  This  latter  species 
(which  was  undescribed  at  the  time)  is  not  noticed  in 
his  Catalogue,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  mistook  it  for 
C.  daudicans. 

3.  Cynthia  squamulosa  Alder. 

(PI.  XXX,  fig.  3 ;  PL  XXXI,  figs.  6-8 ;  PL  XXXII, 

figs.  1  and  2 ;  PL  XL,  fig.  7 ;  PL  XLVIII,  fig.  5  ; 

and  figs.  52  and  53  in  text.) 

Cynthia  squamulosa  ALDER  [MS.  sp.  in  Ansted's  Channel 
Isl.  (1862),  p.  219  ;]  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863],  p. 
161;  [and  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208]. 

ii.  6 


82  BRITISH    TUN1CATA. 

Body  ovate  or  subgiobose,  of  a  pinkish  hue  tinged 
with  lilac,  attached  by  a  broad  base.  Aperture*  a  little 
apart,  rather  large  and  conical,  but  not  much  produced ; 
the  branchial  terminal,  the  a  trial  nearly  so,  each 
margined  and  rayed  with  violet.  Test  tough,  smooth 
or  slightly  mamillated,  covered  with  small  scaly  plates 
[which  are  marked  with  concentric  lines],  silvery  in- 
side. Mantle  very  thin  and  delicate,  transparent,  pale 
rose-coloured,  with  fine  longitudinal  muscular  fibres 
crossed  by  irregular  transverse  ones.  Tentacular  fila- 
ments slender,  simply  pinnate.  Branchial  sac  bright 
rosy  orange,  with  six  folds  on  each  side.  Ovaries 
forming  a  double,  linear,  perpendicular  series  of 
yellowish-white  globular  masses  on  each  side,  with  a 
fimbriated  mass  of  dark  reddish  sperm-cells  between. 

Diameter  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch. 

Hab. — On  shells,  etc.  (dredged  in  about  15  fathoms 
at  Guernsey). 

ENGLAND. — Hastings,  Sussex  (Bowerlnrnk).  Lulworth 
(Jove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys}. 

SCOTLAND. — Shetland  (Jeffreys). 

IEELAND.  -  -Birterbuy  Bay,  Connemara,  Galway 
(Brad//).  [See  also  p.  81.] 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Alder). 

First  record.— Alder,  1863  ;  "coll.  1853. 

The  test  (PL  XXX,  fig.  3)  though  tough  and  hard 
is  not  very  thick ;  the  scales  covering  it  vary  in  size 
and  shape  and  are  many-sided.  In  old  specimens  they 
are  occasionally  a  little  elevated,  giving  to  the  surface 
a  mamillated  appearance ;  they  form  a  complete  pave- 
ment, the  margins  lying  in  close  contact. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXXII,  figs.  1  and  2)  is  delicate 
and  adherent  to  the  test;  the  longitudinal  muscular 
fibres  are  placed  considerably  apart,  and  radiate  in 
regular  order  from  the  apertures ;  the  transverse  fibres 
are  delicate,  and  are  less-regularly  disposed.  The 
inner  surface  of  the  mantle  is  peculiar  for  the  vast 
number  of  minute  fleshy  nodules  which  clothe  it,  and 


CYNTHIA   SQUAMULOSA.  83 

amidst  which  the  viscera  are  partially  immersed. 
These  pallial  nodules  are  developed  also  on  the  surface 
of  the  reproductive  organs,  filling  up  in  a  great  measure 
the  depressions  between  the  various  parts,  and  likewise 
insinuating  themselves  amidst,  the  hepatic  lobules ;  they 
are  very  irregular  in  form,  some  being  rounded,  others 
elongated  and  even  produced  into  points  and  angles. 

There  are  six  folds  on  each  side  of  the  branchial  sac 
(PL  XXXI,  fig.  6) ;  the  anterior  ones  are  the  shortest, 
the  posterior  pair  are  narrower  than  the  rest  and 
diminish  in  width  downwards.  The  primary  vessels 
are  alternately  large  and  small,  and  the  stomata  are 
long  with  the  small  intermediate  primary  vessels 
crossing  them.  The  longitudinal  rods  are  rather 


FIG.  53. — A  bi-pinnate  tentacular  filament  of  Cynthia  squamulosa. 

Highly  magnified. 

narrow ;  there  are  six  or  seven  on  the  folds  and  three 
or  four  between  them.  The  tentacular  filaments  are 
large,  vary  in  size,  and  are  usually  simply  pinnate 
(PL  XL,  fig.  7),  but  occasionally  show  a  tendency  to 
become  bi-pinnate  (fig.  53).  The  branchial  tubercle 
(PL  XL VIII,  fig.  5)  is  small  and  forms  a  simple  loop 
opening  upwards.  The  oral  tentacles  are  minute  and 
are  twenty-eight  or  thirty  in  number,  and  compressed 
a  little  from  back  to  front. 

The  alimentary  tube  forms  a  simple  transverse  loop, 
extending  almost  across  the  pallial  sac,  and  is  pretty 
equal  in  calibre  throughout ;  the  stomach  is  elongated 
and  very  slightly  enlarged,  and  the  rectal  portion, 
which  is  turned  forward,  is  short  and  a  little  reduced 
in  diameter ;  the  margin  of  the  anus  is  smooth.  The 
liver  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  7,  and  fig.  52  in  text)  is  well 


84  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

developed, and  extends  over  the  left  side  of  the  stomach; 
it  is  composed  of  two  lobes,  one  being  larger  than  the 
other,  and  is  broken  up  into  irregular  lobules  which 
are  composed  of  minute  dendritic  tufts  the  csecal 
extremities  of  which  give  to  the  surface  of  the  organ 
a  pimpled  appearance. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PL  XXXI,  fig.  7)  form 
two  elongated  masses,  each  composed  of  a  double  series 
of  rounded  lobes  or  masses  attached  in  regular  order 
along  the  excretory  ducts  (PI.  XXXI,  fig.  8).  The  ova 
are  placed  in  the  proximal  extremity  of  the  lobes,  the 
sperm-vesicles,  which  are  distinguished  by  their  large 
size  and  pale  colour,  at  the  distal  or  outer  extremity. 

We  first  met  with  this  pretty  species  in  (luernsey  in 
1853.  It  has  since  been  sent  to  us  from  Lulworth 
Cove  by  Mr.  Jeffreys,  and  it  was  also  dredged  in  the 
Channel  Islands  by  Messrs.  Jeffreys  and  Norman  in 
18(35.  [Other  localities  are  given  on  p.  82.] 

4.  Cynthia  ovata   sp.  nor. 

(PI.  XXX,  figs.  4  and   5  ;  PI.  XXXII,  figs.  3-5  ;  PI. 
XXXIII,  fig.  1  ;  and  figs.  54  and  55  in  text.) 

Bod  i/  regularly  ovate,  inflated,  smooth,  yellowish 
white,  deepening  into  fawn  colour  towards  the  aper- 
tures ;  laro-elv  attached  bv  the  left  side  or  near  the 

Of/  V 

back.  Apertures  wide  apart ;  the  branchial  terminal, 
the  atrial  about  three  quarters  down,  or  near  the  base ; 
both  rather  prominent.  Test  thin  but  tough,  regularly 
and  delicately  squamose.  Mcu/tle  thin  and  transparent, 
flesh-coloured,  covered  with  fine  interlacing  muscular 
fibres.  Tf'itfttrttliir  filamfitts  simply  pinnate,  about 
fifteen,  nearly  of  equal  length.  Branchial  *<ir  with 
six  folds  on  each  side.  Oral  laiit-iinr  with  filaments. 
Reproductive  <>r</nitx  forming  a  double  row  on  each 
side;  those  of  the  left  side  enclosed  within  the  loop 
of  the  intestine. 

Length  nearly  an  inch ;   Ircmltli  one  third  less. 

Hah. — Adhering  to  shells. 


85 


CYNTHIA   OVATA. 


CHANNEL   ISLANKS. — Guernsey;   dredged  (Jeffreys 
Norman). 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock ;  coll.  Jeffreys  & 
Norman. 

A  beautiful  and  very  distinct  species  (PL  XXX, 
figs.  4  and  5).  It  was  adhering  to  the  inside  of  an 
old  bivalve  shell — G//prina  islcinJica. 

The  mantle  (PL  XXXII,  figs.   8-5,  and  fig.  54  in 


FIG.  54. — The  mantle  of  Cynthia  ovata.      Three  times  natural  size.     I. 
Liver,     oe.  (Esophagus,     r.  Reproductive  organs,  £  and  ?  . 

text)  is  delicate,  with  the  muscular  fibres  fine,  regularly 
disposed  and  placed  considerably  apart,  the  encircling 
ones  being  more  conspicuous  than  those  radiating  from 
the  tubes ;  the  inner  pallial  processes  or  tubercles  are 
not  numerous,  but  vary  in  form  and-  size. 

The  branchial  folds  (PL  XXXIII,  fig.  1)  are  narrow; 
the  primary  vessels  pretty-regularly  large  and  small; 
the  stomata  are  linear  and  rather  Ions:  with  the  ex- 

•     •  ^* 

tremities  rounded;    there  are   four   longitudinal   rods 


86  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

on  the  folds,  and  three  or  four  between  them.  The 
branchial  tubercle  is  loop-formed  with  the  extremi- 
ties turned  inwards.  The  oral  tentacles,  which  are 
numerous,  are  flattened  from  back  to  front. 

The  alimentary  canal  forms  a  simple  loop  which 
extends  half  way  up  the  pallial  sac  ;  the  stomach  is 
elongated  and  a  little  widened,  and  has  the  liver  (fig. 
55,  p.  88)  overlying  the  left  side ;  the  latter  organ  is 
divided  into  several  lobules  which  are  composed  of 
short,  tubular,  slightly -branched  processes. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PL  XXXII,  figs.  4  and  5, 
and  fig.  54  in  text)  are  two  elongated  masses  each 
composed  of  a  double  series  of  rounded  or  oval  lobes 
arranged  in  close  order  along  the  excretory  ducts, 
which  extend  as  a  compound  tube  a  little  in  front  of 
the  organ,  and  terminate  in  two  nipple-formed  orifices 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  anus. 


5.  Cynthia  moms  Forbes. 

PL  XXX,  fio-s.  6  and  7;  PL  XXXIII,  figs.  2-5;    PL 
XL,  fig.  8 ;  PL  XLVIII,  fig.  6 ;  and  fig.  56 

in  text.) 

Cynthia  morns  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  39,  pi.  D, 

f.   2  ;    [CARUS   in  Proc.  Ashmol.   Soc.  II   (1851),  p.  267  ; 

FORBES  in  Brit.   Assoc.   Rep.   for   1850    (1851),  p.    242; 

H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent  Moll.  II  (1858),  pi.  cxxxiii, 

f.  3;    ANSTED    &    LATHAM   Channel  Isl.   (1862),  p.   219; 

GRUBE  in   Abh.   Schles.   vaterl.-Cnltnr,   1868-69    (1869), 

pp.  112,  125]. 
[Cynthia  moreus  COCKS  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc!  1849 

(1850),  p.  72.] 
[Cynthia  mom  DICKIE  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1857  (1858), 

p.  111.] 

Bo<1i/  transversely  oblong  or  ovate,  attached  through- 
out the  length  of  its  base,  rose-red,  covered  with  large 
close-set  rounded  tubercles,  giving  it  a  raspberry-like 
appearance.  A^ciiirres  far  apart,  forming  short  and 
broad  tubes,  yellowish,  with  four  double  stripes  of  red. 
Test  thick  and  tough.  Mantle  flesh-coloured  with  a 


CYNTHIA    MORUS.  87 

band  of  rose-colour  or  crimson  around  each  aperture. 
Tentacular  Jila  iii  e  at*  pinnate.  Branchial  sac  with  seven 
folds  on  each  side,  six  of  which  are  large  and  deep,  that 
near  the  dorsal  line  small.  Ovaries  forming  botryoidal 
masses  on  each  side,  with  a  fimbriated  orange  mass  of 
sperm-cells  between. 

Length  three  quarters  of  an  inch ;  height  about  one- 
third  less. 

Hal. — On  shells  and  stones  (in  25  fathoms  water  in 
Mount's  Bay). 

ENGLAND. — Lulworth  Cove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys).  [Devon 
(Forbes). ^\  Polperro  (Louglvriri)  ;  Fowey  Harbour 
(Peacli^) ;  [Bar  Point  and  Helford  Eiver,  Falmouth 
(Coclfs,  1849) ;]  and  Mount's  Bay  (Forbes  fy  McAndrew) ; 
Cornwall.  [Scilly  Isles  (Cams,  1850).] 

Ii; ELAND. — [Strangford  Lough  (Dickie,  1857).] 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Alder). 

First  record. — Forbes,  1848. 

The  test  of  this  pretty  species  (PI.  XXX,  fig.  6)  is 
hard  and  tough ;  when  contracted  in  spirit  it  has  a 
strongly-wrinkled,  tubercular,  and  scaly  aspect,  and 
on  careful  examination  each  tubercle  is  found  to  be 
covered  with  a  largish  scale,  thus  showing  that  C.  mortis 
belongs  to  the  tessellated  group,  with  which  it  agrees 
in  all  other  respects. 

The  mantle  (PL  XXX,  fig.  7)  is  thick  and  fleshy 
with  the  muscular  fibres  more  closely  arranged  than 
is  usual  in  the  members  of  this  section,  and  there  is  a 
strong  muscular  fold  at  the  base  of  each  tube ;  the 
tubes  are  cylindrical. 

The  branchial  sac  (PI.  XXXIII,  fig.  2)  has  seven 
moderately- wide  folds  on  each  side;  that  next  the 
endostyle  is  narrowest.  The  primary  vessels  are 
pretty-regularly  alternately  large  and  small ;  they  are 
placed  rather  close  together,  and  on  the  folds  there 
are  usually  intermediate  minute  ones ;  the  secondary 
vessels  are  short,  and  the  stomata  are  elliptical.  The 
longitudinal  rods  are  rather  wide ;  there  are  eight  or 


88  BRITISH    TUN1GATA. 

nine  on  each  side  of  the  folds  and  four  between  them. 
The  tentacular  filaments  are  pinnate,  of  nearly  equal 
size,  and  number  twenty-four  or  twenty-five.  The 
branchial  tubercle  (PL  XLVIII,  fig.  6)  is  large,  trans- 
versely oval,  and  strongly  convoluted,  the  convolutions 
being  directed  upwards.  The  oral  lamina  (PI.  XL, 
fig.  8)  is  broken  up  into  about  twenty-five  tentacular 
processes  which  are  attenuated,  sharp  at  the  points, 
and  much  inflated  at  the  base,  and  are  supported  on  a 
narrow  membranous  ridge. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XXXIII,  fig.  3)  forms  a 
single  open  loop  which  extends  from  the  bottom  of 
the  pallial  sac  for  more  than  two-thirds  the  length  of 

FIG.  55.  FIG.  56. 


. 


- 

I 

_,  c<  ' 

. 

FIG.  55. — The  liver  in  Cynthia  ovata.     FIG.  56. — The  liver  in  Cynthia 

morus.     Magnified. 

the  endostyle ;  the  calibre  of  the  tube  is  pretty-equal 
throughout,  the  stomach  being  scarcely  distinguishable. 
The  liver  (PL  XXXIII,  fig.  ^3  and  fig.  56  in  text)  is 
well  developed  and  is  composed  of  three  or  four  lobed 
masses,  which  when  in  a  fresh  state  are  of  an  orange 
colour,  but  when  preserved  in  spirit  are  of  a  pale 
greenish  yellow ;  the  masses  are  made  up  of  dense 
dendritic  tufts,  the  extremities  of  the  branches  of 
which,  extending  upwards,  give  to  the  surface  of  the 
organ  a  minutely  -  papillose  appearance;  in  this 
branched  and  dendritic  structure  the  organ  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  many  of  the  Brachiopods. 

The   reproductive  organs   (PL  XXXIII,   figs.   3-5) 
are  rather  voluminous,  and  are  composed  of  congeries 


CYNTHIA    MUEUS.  89 

of  rounded  nodules ;  that  on  the  left  side  is  placed 
immediately  above  the  intestinal  loop,  and  is  somewhat 
pyriform  with  the  wide  end  forward  or  inclined  on  the 
ventral  margin ;  the  right-hand  organ  is  situated  on 
the  loop  of  the  intestine  and  is  irregularly  oval.  The 
nodules  (PL  XXXIII,  figs.  4  and  5)  composing  the 
organs  are  compound,  comprising  both  male  and  female 
elements ;  they  are  pyriform  and  pedunculate,  with 
the  sperm-cells  placed  at  the  broad  end  and  the  eggs 
at  the  narrow ;  the  sperm-cells  are  large,  ovate,  and 
obtuse.  The  interstices  of  the  reproductive  nodules 
are  for  the  most  part  filled  up  with  irregularly-formed 
bodies,  apparently  modified  pallial  processes,  none  of 
which  are  found  in  any  other  part  of  the  pallial  wall. 
When  contracted  in  spirits,  the  test  of  Cynthia  moriix 
has  a  strongly  wrinkled  and  scaly  aspect,  very  different 
from  its  attractive  appearance  in  a  fresh  state. 


6.  Cynthia  tessellata  Forbes. 

(PI.  XXX,  figs.  8  and  9  ;  PI.  XXXII,  figs.  6  and  7  ; 

PI.  XXXIII,  figs.  6  and  7  ;   PI.  XL VIII,  fig.  7  ; 

and  figs.  57  and  58  in  text.) 

Cynthia  tessellata  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  38,  pi. 
D,  f.  3;  [COCKS  in  Rep.  R,  Coriiw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849 
(1850),  p.  72  ;  FORBKS  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.for  1850  (1851), 
p.  242;  ANSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219; 
ALDER  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208]. 

Bodij  transversely  ovate,  rather  depressed,  tawny- 
yellow  with  darker  spots,  attached  by  an  expanded 
base.  Apertures  distant,  tubular,  purple.  Test  coria- 
ceous, tessellated  by  regular  oblong  spaces,  generally 
hexagonal,  and  concentrically  ridged,  with  a  dark 
reddish  or  purplish  centre,  the  lower  or  attached 
surface  very  thin  without  markings.  Mantle  thin,  rosy 
flesh-coloured  spotted  with  white.  Tentacular  filaments 
pinnate  or  sub-bipinnate.  Branchial  sac  with  three  or 
four  folds  on  each  side.  Oral  lamina  with  filaments. 


90  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

Ovaries  forming  a  linear  series  on  eacli  side,  with 
spermatics  (?)  or  liver  (?)  between. 

Lengtli  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch;  breadth 
one  third  less. 

Hab. — On  shells  and  stones,  from  about  15  to  25 
fathoms. 

ENGLAND. — Lul worth  Cove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys) .  [Devon 
(Forbes).  Falmouth ;  in  trawl  refuse  (Cocks,  184'.))  ; 
and]  Mount's  Bay  (Forbes  $'  McAndrew) ;  Cornwall. 

SCOTLAND. — Hebrides  (Jeffreys  Sf  Norman). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey;  dredged  (Norman). 
Near  Castle  Cornet,  Guernsey  (Alder). 

First  record.  -  -  Forbes,  1848  ;  coll.  Forbes  & 
McAndrew,  1846. 

In  form  this  species  resembles  a  Patella,  or  is 
somewhat  doridiform.  The  test  (PI.  XXX,  fig.  8)  is 
firm,  hard,  and  coriaceous,  moderately  thick  and 
convex  above ;  flat,  colourless,  soft,  and  comparatively 
thin  at  the  under  or  attached  side,  with  the  marginal 
border  expanded ;  the  inner  surface  shines  with  a 
metallic  lustre. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXXII,  figs.  6  and  7)  is  thick  and 
fleshy,  and  is  attached  throughout,  but  is  usually  found 
detached  in  spirit  specimens,  though  never  shrunk  up 
as  in  the  Ascidise ;  on  the  contrary  it  completely  fills 
the  interior  of  the  cavity,  hence  it  is  evident  that  the 
separation  took  place  after  death  from  the  influence  of 
the  spirit.  The  muscular  fibres  are  a  little  separated 
and  are  regularly  arranged.  At  the  base  or  attached 
side  they  are  comparatively  feeble,  and  seem  mostly 
disposed  in  a  radiating  manner ;  above  they  are  stout 
and  radiate  from  the  orifices,  and  are  crossed  by 
numerous  minute  fibres.  A  few  angular  pallial  nodules 
are  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  endostyle. 

The  branchial  sac  (PL  XXXIII,  fig.  6)  is  very 
delicate  and  has  four  folds  at  each  side ;  the  anterior 
pair  is  short,  the  posterior  narrow.  The  primary 
vessels  are  irregular  in  size  and  have  frequently  a 


CYNTHIA   TESSELLATA.  91 

fine  one  between  them ;  the  secondary  vessels  are 
rather  long  and  delicate,  the  stomata  have  the  ex- 
tremities rounded;  there  are  about  six  longitudinal 
bars  on  the  folds,  and  three  or  four  between  them. 
The  oral  tentacles  (fig.  57),  of  which  there  are  between 


FIG.  57. — Oral  tentacles  of  Cynthia  tessellata.     Highly  magnified. 

twenty  and  thirty,  are  long,  slender,  nearly  cylindrical, 
and  finely  pointed ;  they  are  placed  along  a  narrow 
ridge,  and  increase  in  length  as  they  approach  the 
mouth.  The  branchial  tubercle  (PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  7) 
is  minute  and  of  an  ovate  form,  placed  longitudinally ; 
no  convolutions  were  observed.  The  tentacular  fila- 
ments (fig.  58)  are  about  twenty  in  number,  and  are 
alternately  large  and  small;  they  are  somewhat  distant, 
usually  pinnate,  long,  and  slender;  but  as  the  pinnae 
occasionally  bifurcate  or  branch  they  may  be  con- 
sidered imperfectly  bi-pinnate. 


FIG.  58. — A  tentacular  filament  of  Cynthia  tessellata.     Highly  magnified. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XXXIII,  fig.  7)  forms  a 
simple,  open  loop  of  nearly  equal  calibre  throughout; 
the  stomach  is  scarcely  indicated,  except  by  the 
presence  of  the  liver,  which  is  composed  of  two 
masses,  formed  of  numerous  branched  lobules,  some- 
times having  the  appearance  of  folds  or  plaits ;  they 


92  BRITISH    TUNIGATA. 

are,  however,  similar  in  character  to  the  dendritic 
tufts  of  the  preceding  species  (C.  morns') ;  but  the 
parts  are  much  coarser,  and  the  branches  shorter. 
Two  peculiar  hair-like  processes  extend  some  distance 
adherent  to  the  intestine  ;  these  open  into  the  stomach, 
and  would  seem  to  be  part  of  the  hepatic  organ.  The 
intestine  is  as  wide  as  the  stomach,  but  the  rectal 
portion  is  a  little  contracted  towards  the  anus,  the 
margin  of  which  is  smooth. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PI.  XXXIII,  fig.  7)  are 
composed  of  two  nodulose  belts,  the  right-hand  one 
lying  within  the  intestinal  loop,  the  left  along  by  the 
side  of  the  endostyle.  The  nodules  are  large  and 
angular,  and  vary  much  both  in  form  and  size ;  they 
are  strung  together  on  a  widish  band,  within  which 
run  the  excretory  canals.  The  latter  are  continued 
a  little  in  advance  of  the  ventral  extremity  of  the 
nodulose  belt  as  a  compound  tube  which  terminates  at 
the  sides  of  the  anus  in  two  distinct  outlets.  There 
are,  therefore,  four  reproductive  outlets,  two  on  each 
side  of  the  intestine. 

Some  little  difference  will  be  found  between  the 
description  and  figure  of  Cynthia  tessettata  here  given 
and  those  of  Professor  E.  Forbes.  Our  specimens 
are  somewhat  intermediate  in  character  between  his 
C.  tessellata  and  C.  liniacina,  but  agree  more  nearly 
with  the  former,  to  which  we  have  referred  them. 

7.  Cynthia  limacina  Forbes. 

Cynthia  limacina  FOEBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  39,  pi. 
D,  f.  4 ;  [CARDS  in  Proc.  Ashmol.  Soc.  II  (1851),  p.  267  ; 
ANSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219]. 

Body  much  depressed,  expanded,  doridiform.  Test 
coriaceous,  orange  with  dark  brown  reticulated  mark- 
ings, enclosing  numerous  small,  depressed  warts  of 
various  sizes ;  orifices  quadrangular,  papillose,  almost 
sessile,  brown. 

Length  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 


CYNTHIA   L1MACINA.  93 

Hal).  -  -  On  a  dead  shell  in  25  fathoms  water 
(Me Andrew  fy  Forbes). 

ENGLAND. -—[?  Hastings,  Sussex  (Bowerbank)  .~\ 
Mount's  Bay,  Cornwall  (McAndrew  $  Forbes).  [Scilly 
Isles  (Oarus,  1850).] 

CHANNKL  ISLANDS. — [Guernsey  (Ansted,  1862).] 
First    record. — Forbes,    1848;     coll.    McAndrew    & 
Forbes,  1846. 

A  specimen  sent  to  us  from  Hastings  by  Dr.  Bower- 
bank  appears  to  belong  to  this  species.  The  body  is 
extremely  depressed  and  nearly  flat,  with  the  basal 
margin  sinuous.  The  test  is  soft  and  pellucid  in  com- 
parison with  that  of  C.  tessellafa,  and  the  tessellations 
are  only  about  half  the  size  of  those  of  that  species, 
and  are  shorter,  rounder,  and  less  regular.  There  was 
no  colour  remaining.  The  visceral  characters  could  not 
lie  determined  as  they  had  been  injured  by  pressure. 
The  mantle,  however,  is  thin,  transparent,  and  mem- 
branous, and  adheres  strongly  to  the  test  throughout ; 
the  muscular  fibres  are  excessively  fine. 

8.  Cynthia  echinata  (Linnaeus)  Alder. 

(PI.  XXX,  fig.  10;  PI.  XXXII,  fig.  S;  PI.  XLVIII, 
fig.  8  ;   and  fig.  59  in  text.) 

Ascidia  echinata  LINNAEUS  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  12,  [I,  pt.  2  (1767),] 
p.  1087;  [P.  MULLER  Linne  Natur-Syst.  I,  1  (1775),  p. 
86  ;]  O.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.  [1776],  p.  224,  no. 
2722,  and  Zool.  Danica,  IV  [1806],  p.  10,  pi.  cxxx,  f.  1 ; 
FABRICIUS  Fauna  G-rcenl.  [1780],  p.  331 ;  [BRUGUIERE  Hist. 
Nat.  Vers,  I  (1789),  p.  147;  G-MELIN  Linnasi  Syst.  Nat. 
I,  pt.  6  (1791),  p.  3124;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat.  Vers,  I  (1802), 
p.  104;  TURTON  Gen.  Syst.  Nat.  IV  (1802),  p.  93;] 
LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  [ed.  I,  III  (1816), 
p.  123,  and]  ed.  2,  III  [1840],  p.  528;  [THOMPSON  in  Ann. 
Nat.  Hist.  (1)  V  (1840),  p.  94;]  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit. 
Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  35  [pi.  C,  f.  4];  [COCKS  in  Hep.  R, 
Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  73;]  THOMPSON  Nat. 
Hist.  Ireland,  IV  [1856],  p.  360;  [NORMAN  in  Zoologist 
XV  (1857),  p.  5708;  DICKIE  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1857, 
(1858),  p.  111]. 


94  BRITISH   TUXICATA. 

Cynthia  echinata  [  ALDER  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field 
Club,  I  (1850),  p.  362;  FORBES  in  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for 
1850  (1851),  p.  242;  STIMPSOX  Invert.  Grand  Manan 
(1854),  p.  20;  SCHULTZE  in  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat,  XII,  2 
(1862),  p.  178;]  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  162,  [and  in  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208; 
PACKARD  in  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  I  (1867),  p.  277  ; 
NORMAN  in  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1868  (1869),  p.  303; 
AGASSIZ  in  Gould's  Rep.  Invert,  Massachusetts,  ed.  2 
(1870),  p.  18,  pi.  xxiii,  f.  326]. 

\_Ascidium  echinatum  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  (1856),  p.  337.] 

Body  globose,  hispid,  adhering  by  a  small  base. 
Apertures  sessile,  approximated,  rayed  with  four  double 
lines  of  crimson.  Test  opaque,  yellowish  white,  tough, 
mamillated ;  each  eminence  crowned  with  a  tuft  of 
large  branched  and  stellate  hairs ;  the  whole  of  the 
surface  is  also  seen,  under  a  magnifier,  to  be  minutely 
hispid ;  inner  surface  silvery.  Mantle  pale  flesh- 
coloured.  Tentacular  filaments  branched,  bi-  or  tri- 
pinnate.  Branchial  sac  with  six  folds  on  each  side, 
four  deep  and  two  shallow ;  the  meshes  transverse. 
Ovaries  in  solid  masses. 

Diameter  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — On  shells,  on  zoophytes,  [and  on  the  larger 
Ascidix.,]  in  deep  water  [and  occasionally  in  shallow 
water]. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats,  Northumb.  (Alder).  Whit- 
burn  (Alder  [1850]),  and  Seaham  Harbour  (Hodge), 
Durham. 

SCOTLAND. --Peterhead,  Aberdeen  (Peach).  Oban, 
Argyll  (Alder).  Hebrides  (Jeffrey*  [;  Forbes]).  Shet- 
land (Forbes  fy  Good.sir).  [Middle  Haaf  and  Brassey 
Sound,  Shetland,  in  5  to  40  fathoms,  1863,  and  5  to 
8  miles  east  of  Balta,  in  40  to  oO  fathoms,  18(37 
(Norman,  1868).] 

IEELAND.  -  -  Strangford  Lough,  Down  (Thompson 
[1840]). 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Hanley,  1848;  \coll.  Forbes 
&  Goodsir,  1837]. 


CYNTHIA    ECHINATA.  95 

[The  test  of  this  species  is  represented  by  fig.  10  on 
Plate  XXX.] 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXXII,  fig.  8)  is  firmly  attached 
to  the  test,  particularly  in  the  region  of  the  tubes,  and 
the  tubes  themselves  cannot  be  withdrawn  without 
laceration ;  it  is  rather  thin,  tough,  and  transparent ; 
the  muscular  fibres  are  delicate  and  regularly  arranged, 
somewhat  apart;  those  radiating  from  the  tubes  being 
the  best  displayed;  the  inner  surface  seems  to  be  devoid 
of  the  usual  soft  nodules.  The  tentacular  filaments 
(fig.  59),  about  sixteen  in  number,  are  alternately  large 
and  small,  rather  long  and  slender,  and  incompletely 
tri-pinnate. 

The  branchial  sac  is  delicate  with  five  folds  on  each 


FIG.  59. — A  tentacular  filament  of  Cynthia  echinata.     Highly  magnified. 

side,  four  of  which  are  well  developed,  and  one,  that 
next  the  endostyle,  is  narrow.  The  blood-channels  are 
peculiarly  arranged.  Stout  longitudinal  vessels  pass 
with  much  regularity  from  end  to  end  of  the  organ, 
and,  but  for  this  arrangement,  would  be  taken  for 
primary  vessels ;  and  other  small  vessels  having  the 
appeai'ance  of  secondary  vessels,  divided  by  stomata, 
are  placed  transversely  between  the  large  ones ;  the 
stomata  are  long  with  rounded  extremities.  The  small 
vessels  in  this  case  must  conduct  the  blood  from  the 
dorsal  to  the  ventral  channel  and  consequently  act  as 
primary  vessels ;  while  at  the  same  time  the  chief 
aeration  must  take  place  through  their  walls,  for  here 
the  blood  is  the  most  minutely  divided.  Nevertheless 
from  their  anatomical  connections  they  should  perhaps 


96  BBIT1SH    TUNICATA. 

be  considered  the  homologues  of  the  primary  vessels. 
The  longitudinal  rods  are  wide  and  numerous,  there 
being  eight  or  nine  on  the  folds,  and  three  or  four 
between  them ;  they  are  attached  to  the  small  trans- 
verse vessels.  The  endostvle  is  wide,  delicate,  and  soft. 
The  branchial  tubercle  (PL  XL VIII,  fig.  8)  is  small 
with  the  extremities  turned  inwards  or  only  slightly 
convoluted,  and  is  widened  transversely.  The  oral 
filaments  or  tentacles  (PL  XL VII  I,  fig.  8),  from  twenty 
to  thirty,  are  placed  on  a  ridge ;  they  are  small,  not 
compressed,  and  have  their  points  attenuated.  The 
alimentary  canal  forms  a  loop  which  extends  nearly 
the  length  of  the  pallial  sac ;  the  calibre  is  about  equal 
throughout;  the  stomach  is  chiefly  distinguished  by 
the  presence  of  the  liver,  which  is  of  a  pale  greenish 
colour,  and  divided  into  two  unequal,  dense,  irregular, 
lobes;  its  minute  structure  is  composed  of  small, 
branched  tubules,  closely  packed  together  and  en- 
veloped in  a  common  delicate  membrane.  The  border 
of  the  anus  is  smooth. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  two  irregularly- 
elongated,  dense,  and  somewhat  lobed  masses,  con- 
taining both  elements ;  the  ducts  issue  from  the 
anterior  extremity;  they  are  short,  somewhat  reflected, 
and  stand  up  from  the  surface  of  the  mantle.  The 
right-hand  mass  lies  within  the  intestinal  loop ;  the 
left  near  to  the  endostvle. 

t/ 

Professor  E.  Forbes  mistook  this  species  for  an 
Ascidia.  His  figure  in  consequence  represents  the 
apertures  with  too  great  a  number  of  segments.  There 
are  certainly  only  four  in  each  orifice. 

The  beautiful  star  -  like  hairs  of  the  test  (see 
PL  XXX,  fig.  10),  best  seen  in  adult  and  well- 
developed  specimens,  distinguish  this  interesting- 
species  from  its  congeners.  It  is  also  peculiar  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  meshes  of  the  branchial  sac, 
the  smaller  vessels  of  which  are  here  transverse,  while, 
with  one  exception,  in  all  the  other  known  species 
of  the  genus  as  well  as  in  those  of  Ascidia,  they  are 


CYNTHIA   EGHINATA.  97 

longitudinal.  The  exception  alluded  to  is  the  G unfit  in 
villosa  of  Stimpson  from  Pnget  Sound,  in  which  we 
have  found  the  meshes  transverse  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  G.  echinata.  It  also  resembles  this  species  a  good 
deal  in  other  respects.  The  fibres  of  the  test,  how- 
ever, are  slightly  branched  and  not  stellate,  and  the 
branchial  folds  are  seven  on  each  side. 

Ci/nthia  echinata  is  a  northern  species,  not  uncommon 
in  the  seas  of  Norway  and  Greenland.  We  have  yet 
no  record  of  its  occurrence  in  the  South  of  England. 
It  is  found  in  North  America  (Sars). 

Genus  7.  STYELA  (Savigny)  MacLeay,  1825.* 

[Dist<nnus  (pars)  G-AERTNER  in  Pallas'  Spic.  Zool.  I,  fasc.  10 

(1774),  p.  24.] 

[Ascidia  (pars)  PALLAS  Spic.  Zool.  I,  fasc.  10  (1774),  p.  24.] 
[Cynthia   (pars)    SAVIGNY  in   Descr.    Egypt.,    Hist.  Nat.   I 

(1809),  pt,  3,  p.  39.] 
Ci/nthix    8tyel%    SAVIGNY    Mem.    Anim.    sans    Vert.   pt.    2 

[1816],  p.  154. 
[Styela  MACLEAY  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Loncl.  XIV  (1825), 

p.  546.] 

Stycla  MENKE  [Synops.  meth.  Moll.  (1830),  p.  122] . 
[Phallusia  SCHACHT  in  Arch.  f.  Anat.  1851,  p.  178.] 

Body  sessile,  attached  or  sometimes  free.  Test 
coriaceous,  generally  rough  and  opaque,  adhering  to 
the  mantle  throughout.  Both  apertures  quadrate  or 
4-lobed.  Branchial  xae  with  only  four  folds  011  each 
side,  the  meshes  rectilinear.  Tentacular  filaments 
simple,  linear.  Stomach  and  intestine  on  the  right  side 
of  the  body.  Reproductive  organs  variable,  situated 
on  both  sides. 

In  the  account  of  the  anatomy  of  this  genus  we  shall 
rely  principally  on  that  of  8.  tuberosa  and  S.  mamillarix, 
not  only  on  account  of  their  large  size,  but  also  because 
they  are  good  typical  species.  In  these  two  forms  the 
test  is  very  tough,  opaque,  and  coriaceous.  The  surface 

*  This  genus  appears  in  the  authors'  MS.  as  "Stycla  (Savigny)  Menke," 
but,  as  stated  in  the  footnote  on  p.  19  of  Vol.  I,  this  is  an  error  for  Styela. 

ii.  7 


98  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

is  much  corrugated,  particularly  in  S.  mamittaris,  on 
wliicli  parasitic  growths  are  very  frequent.  It  is 
strongly  adherent  to  the  mantle  or  inner  tunic.  The 
internal  surface  is  very  smooth  and  has  almost  a  silvery- 
white  appearance,  varied  in  parts  with  a  rosy  hue.  It 
readily  divides  into  two  layers ;  the  inner  layer  is 
delicate  and  liable  to  be  left  adhering  to  the  mantle. 

The  mantle  is  likewise  comparatively  thick  and 
tough,  and  is  so  opaque  that  the  arrangement  of 
the  muscular  fibres  is  not  readily  distinguished.  In 
S.  mamillaris,  however,  delicate,  longitudinal  fibres 
can  be  traced  passing  from  above  downwards.  The 
viscera  are  completely  obscured  in  both  species.  In 
S.  tuberosa  the  mantle  is  of  a  pale  flesh  colour;  in 
S.  mamillaris  it  is  of  a  neutral  green  hue  suffused  with 
scarlet  in  the  region  of  the  tubes.  The  former  animal 
is  elongated  and  pyriform ;  the  latter  is  irregularly 
oval  transversely. 

The  aerating;  surface  of  the  branchial  sac  is  com- 

o 

posed  of  a  minute  rectilinear  reticulation  of  primary 
or  transverse  and  minute  secondary  vessels,  and  on 
each  side  of  the  oral  lamina  there  are  four  wide  folds 
which  stretch  from  one  end  of  the  sac  to  the  other. 
The  network  is  in  other  respects  as  simple  as  it  is  in 
AscAdia  venosa.  The  folds  all  terminate  below  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  mouth,  drawn  as  it  were  into  a  focus ; 
but  as  the  mouth  is  placed  considerably  up  the  ventral 
side,  all  the  folds  are  much  arched  backwards  and 
downwards  in  conformity  with  the  line  of  the  endostyle, 
those  nearest  to  that  organ  being  most  curved;  the 
lower  portion  of  the  folds,  in  fact,  have  to  ascend  to 
reach  their  terminal  position  by  the  side  of  the  mouth. 

The  longitudinal  bars  are  represented  in  Styela  by 
numerous,  fine,  ribbon-like  membranes  which  extend 
the  whole  length  of  the  branchial  sac ;  they  are  placed 
at  some  little  distance  apart,  and  are  as  numerous  on 
the  folds  as  they  are  between  them. 

The  oral  lamina  is  a  broad,  smooth  membrane, 
passing  from  the  branchial  tubercle  to  the  right  side 


STYELA.  99 

of  the  mouth.  It  is  widest  about  the  middle,  and 
narrows  considerably  at  the  ends.  The  branchial 
tubercle  is  a  large,  oval,  smooth  boss  with  the  con- 
voluted ends  turned  downwards,  and,  meeting  below, 
very  little  involuted. 

The  tentacular  filaments  are  numerous,  long,  and 
slender,  and  are  placed  not  much  below  the  margin 
of  the  branchial  sac. 

The  heart  is  a  long,  narrow  tube,  lying  between  the 
mantle  and  the  lining  membrane  on  the  left  side,  at 
some  little  distance  from  the  lower  dorsal  margin  of 
the  branchial  sac.  It  is  placed,  as  usual,  in  a  cavity  of 
its  own — a  sort  of  pericardium.  The  dorsal  extremity 
reaches  the  endostyle  much  higher  up  than  usual ;  and 
the  ventral  extremity  abuts  against  the  lower  margin 
of  the  cardiac  end  of  the  stomach,  and  gives  a  large 
branch  to  each  side  of  that  organ.  The  vessels  supply- 
ing the  test  are  small,  and  in  S.  mamillaris  enter  it 
farther  forward  than  is  usually  the  case. 

The  ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  is  situated 
immediately  below  the  branchial  tubercle;  but  011 
account  of  the  opacity  of  the  inner  tunic  it  is  difficult 
to  trace  the  nerves. 

The  alimentary  tube  of  S.  tuber osa  is  short  and 
very  simple  in  its  arrangement.  It  protrudes  from 
the  inner  wall  of  the  right  side  of  the  pallial  cavity, 
towards  the  ventral  margin.  The  mouth  is  a  circular 
orifice  and  is  bordered  with  a  widish,  puckered,  lip- 
like,  expansion ;  it  opens  into  the  branchial  sac  some 
way  up  the  ventral  margin,  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  sac  passing  backwards  considerably  beyond  it. 
The  oesophagus  is  short  and  constricted;  it  extends 
backwards  or  downwards  to  the  stomach,  which  is  well 
marked  though  not  large,  and  is  regularly  elliptical. 
The  intestine  passes  backwards  and  downwards  from 
the  lower  end  of  the  stomach,  and  then,  turning 
upwards,  forms  a  widish  vertical  loop  next  the  ventral 
margin ;  it  then  slopes  gradually  towards  that  margin 
in  a  gentle  sigmoid  curve,  and,  on  reaching  the  cloaca, 


100  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

considerably  in  advance  of  the  level  of  the  mouth, 
terminates  in  a  wide  anal  orifice  bordered  with  a 
broad,  reflected,  lobed,  margin.  The  looped  portion 
of  the  intestine  is  wider  than  the  rectal  portion,  and  its 
walls  are  delicate  and  membranous.  A  thick  mucous 
membrane  lines  the  whole  alimentary  tube.  In  the 
stomach  it  is  thrown  into  rugae  which  can  be  observed 
from  the  outside  as  narrow,  opaque,  yellowish  lines 
sloping  forwards  and  outwards  from  the  centre  of  the 
organ.  The  lining  membrane  of  the  intestine  is  raised 
into  a  strong  ridge  which  extends  the  whole  length  of 
the  tube,  and  is  seen  through  the  left  wall  as  a  broad 
dark  groove-like  line. 

The  liver  in  Sfyela  is  not  more  conspicuous  than  it 
is  in  Aseidia;  and  it  shows  about  the  same  degree  of 
development,  being  provided  with  its  secreting  vesicles 
and  ducts,  only  slightly  modified  from  those  of  that 
genus.  In  S.  tuberosa,  and  indeed  in  all  the  members 
of  this  group  which  have  come  under  our  observation, 
there  is  a  fold  of  the  lining  membrane  within  the  loop 
of  the  alimentary  tube,  which  passes  between  the 
stomach  and  intestine.  This  fold  is  united  to  the 
pyloric  end  of  the  stomach,  where  there  is  a  ca3cal  pro- 
longation of  that  organ.  The  hepatic  ducts  lie  within 
this  fold,  and  before  they  reach  the  stomach,  in  this 
species,  the^y  unite  to  form  a  simple,  slender  duct,  which 
opens  into  the  left  side  of  the  cascum.  The  branches  of 
the  ducts  ramify  dichotomously  over  the  looped  portion 
of  the  intestine,  and  communicate  with  comparatively- 
large,  round  vesicles  arranged  like  those  of  Peloitaia. 

The  alimentary  tube  in  S.  mamillaris  differs  from 
that  of  S.  tnlerosa  in  some  unimportant  particulars. 
The  oesophagus  is  much  longer,  and  the  stomach  is 
placed  transversely  almost  at  the  bottom  of  the  pallial 
chamber.  The  intestine  runs  backwards  and  nearly 
extends  as  far  as  the  dorsal  border  of  the  chamber 
before  it  ascends  to  form  a  wide  transverse  loop ;  it 
then  crosses  to  the  cloaca,  making  a  deep  sigmoid 
curve,  and  terminates  at  a  little  distance  above  the 


STYELA. 


101 


position  of  the  mouth  in  a  large  anal  orifice,  fringed 
with  a  denticulated  margin.  The  rectal  portion  is 
short  and  not  much  diminished  in  calibre. 

The  reproductive  organs  beset  both  sides  of  the 
mantle,  from  which  they  jut  prominently  into  the  pallial 
chamber.  In  S.  tuberosa  they  are  very  numerous,  and 
are  in  the  form  of  irregular,  pyriform  nodules,  of  a 
bright  orange  colour,  distributed  without  apparent 
order,  excepting  that  the  attenuated  end  is  mostly 
directed  upwards  and  towards  the  ventral  margin. 


-y  •/ 

A  — 


FIG.  60. — Reproductive  organs  of  Styela  tuberosa.     Magnified. 

These  are  the  so-called  ovaries,  but  they  are   reallv 

'  «/  «/ 

compound  bodies  combining  both  the  male  and  female 
organs.  The  centre  and  larger  portion  of  each  is  a 
sac,  in  the  walls  of  which  the  ova  are  developed ;  and 
the  narrow  extremity  is  produced  into  a  short,  nipple- 
like  oviduct,  leading  directly  out  of  the  sac.  And 
firmly  attached  around  the  base  of  each  is  a  series  of 
small,  oval  vesicles,  which  are  sunk  in  the  substance 
of  the  mantle,  and  which  form  for  each  sac  a  sort  of 
basal  cup,  within  which  they  rest.  These  are  the  male 
secreting  organs,  and  their  ducts,  extremely  delicate 


102 


BRITISH    TUN1CATA. 


tubes,  frequently  united  in  pairs,  pass  upwards  over 
the  surface  of  the  ovigerous  sac,  and  go  to  join,  on  the 
median  line,  a  slender  vas  deferens,  which,  passing 
forward,  terminates  at  the  extremity  of  the  oviduct. 
There  are  thus  as  many  oviducts  and  outlets  for  the 
male  secretion  as  there  are  compound  reproductive 
masses,  and  the  eggs  must  be  shed  everywhere  into 
the  atrial  space  between  the  branchial  sac  and  the  wall 
of  the  pallia!  chamber,  and  afterwards  carried  by  the 
atrial  currents  to  the  cloaca,  whence  they  pass  out  as 
usual  by  the  excurrent  tube. 

Besides  the  reproductive  masses  other  very  similarly- 
formed  bodies  everywhere  stud  the  mantle,  and  fill  up 


FIG.  61. — Ovaries  of  Styela  tuberosa.     More  highly  magnified. 

to  a  considerable  extent  the  spaces  between  the  former. 
The  latter  bodies  are  most  frequently  pedunculate,  and 
are  sometimes  as  large  as  the  reproductive  masses, 
from  which  they  chiefly  differ  in  colour,  being  pale,  some- 
what pellucid,  and  almost  homogeneous  in  structure. 
They  do  not  seem  to  have  any  high  functional  import, 
their  office  apparently  being  to  form,  along  with  the 
generative  bodies,  a  sort  of  pad  or  level  surface  for  the 
support  of  the  branchial  sac,  which  otherwise  might 
suffer  from  the  inequality  produced  by  the  genitalia. 
These  peculiar  outgrowths  are  found  in  all  the  Ci/n- 
t)i i«thi'  which  have  been  examined. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  similar  to  the  above  in 
S.  mamiUaris  and  in  some  other  species. 


STYELA    TUBEKOSA.  103 

Several  interesting  modifications  of  these  organs  are 
found  in  various  species.  In  8.  variabilis  the  ovaries 
assume  the  form  of  distinct,  wide,  slightly  undulated 
tubes,  of  which  there  are  two  on  the  right  and  two  on 
the  left  side  of  the  mantle,  each  having  its  own  short, 
nipple-like  oviduct  which  opens  into  the  cloaca,  there 
beine:  two  on  either  side  of  the  anus.  The  testis  is 

o 

composed  of  numerous,  irregular ly-lobulated  vesicles 
scattered  over  the  lower  portion  of  the  mantle  on  both 
sides,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  posterior  extremities  of  the 
ovaries,  but  with  which  they  have  no  connection,  each 
separate  vesicle  having  its  own  short,  papillose  vas 
deferens. 

In  the  interstices  amidst  the  reproductive  nodules 
are  numerous,  soft,  pallial  nodules  which  vary  much 
in  size  and  form;  but  are  usually  more  or  less  rounded, 
and  rarely  so  large  as  the  former. 

1.  Styela  tuberosa  (Macgillivray). 

(PI.  XXXIV,  figs.  1-5;  PI.  XXXV,  fig.  1;  PI.  XXXVI, 

figs.  1-7;  PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  9;  and  figs.  60 
and  61  in  text.) 

Cynthia  tuberosa  MACGILLIVRAY  Moll.  Anim.  Aberdeen 
[1843],  p.  311 ;  FOKBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848], 
p.  37  •  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field 
Club,  I  [1848],  p.  195;  [ANSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel  Isl. 
(1862),  p.  219;  ALDER  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  186(3 
(1867),  p.  208;  M.  &  G-.  0.  SARS  Christianiafjord.  Fauna, 
pt.  2  (1870),  p.  102]. 

Body  irregularly  conical  or  sub-tuberous,  pale  brown, 
with  a  tinge  of  red  towards  the  apertures,  broadly 
attached  at  the  base  by  root-like  prolongations  of  the 
test.  Apertures,  branchial  terminal,  tubular,  and 
broadly  conical,  uniting  in  outline  with  the  body ; 
atrial  situated  on  a  prominent  subquadrate  tube,  rather 
more  than  a  third  down  the  side ;  both  apertures 
reddish,  and  streaked  internally  with  rose-colour  and 
white.  Test  (PI.  XXXIV,  figs.  1  and  5)  thick,  tough, 


104  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

opaque,  rather  soft  and  contractile,  strongly  wrinkled, 
especially  longitudinally,  more  or  less  mamillated,  and 
much  corrugated  in  contraction ;  generally  covered 
with  zoophytes  and  other  extraneous  matters;  inside 
smooth  and  shining.  Mcmtle  (PI.  XXXIV,  fig.  3; 
PI.  XXXV,  fig.  1)  adhering  closely  to  the  test,  opaque 
yellowish  white,  streaked  with  red  towards  the  aper- 
tures. Tentacular  filaments  linear,  lono-,  and  tapering. 
Branchial  sac  (PL  XXXIV,  fig.  4;  PI.  XXXVI,  figs.  1 
and  2)  with  four  strong  folds  on  each  side  ;  oral  lamina 
smooth,  narrow.  Ovaries  (PI.  XXXVI,  figs.  2-7,  and 
figs.  60  and  61  in  text)  thickly  covering  the  internal 
surface  of  the  mantle  in  rounded  or  ovate  masses  of  a 
purplish  or  reddish  hue,  interspersed  with  soft  pyri- 
form  papillae. 

Lenf/tJi  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches;  breadth  one 
half  less. 

Halt. — On  stones  and  shells  in  deepish  water. 

ENGLAND.  -  -  Not  uncommon  on  the  coasts  of 
Northumberland  and  Durham  (Alder}.  [Cullercoats, 
Northumb.  (Alder  $  Hancock,  1848).] 

SCOTLAND. — Aberdeen  (Macgillivmy) . 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Ald^r). 

First  record. — [Macgillivray,  1843.] 

fttyela  tiiberosa  is  a  very  coarse  species,  often  much 
overgrown  with  zoophytes,  and  its  form  obscured  by 
numerous  swellings  caused  by  Modioli  imbedded  in 
the  test. 


2.    Styela  informis  (Forbes). 

(PL  XXXIV,  fig.  6  ;   PL  XXXVI,  figs.  8  and  9 ;   and 

fig.  62  in  text.) 

Cynthia  informis  FORBES   in   Brit.   Moll.    I    [1848],  p.  38; 
[?  ALDER  in  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208]. 

"Bod a  rudely  conical,  subtuberous  ;  test  (PL  XXXIV, 
fig.  6)  thick,  coriaceous,  crimson  [or  orange-coloured], 


STYELA   INFOBMIS. 


105 


covered  with  rather  undefined,  large  oblong  warts  ; 
orifices  on  conical  obtuse  projections,  four-lobed,  deep 
crimson. 

"Length  two  inches." 

Hub. --From  a  depth  of  seven  to  nine  fathoms 
(Forbes). 

SCOTLAND. — Stromness  Bay,  Orkney  Islands ;  and 
Shetland;  dredged  (Forbes  fy  Goodsir). 


FIG.  62. — Tentacular  filaments  and  branchial  tubercle  of  Styelainformis. 


Much  enlarged. 


First  record. — Forbes  &  Hanley,  1848;  coll.  Forbes 
&  Goodsir,  1839. 

[On  Plate  XXXVI,  fig.  8  represents  the  branchial 
sac  and  fig.  9  the  digestive  and  reproductive  organs.] 

There  may  be  some  doubt  whether  this  species  is 
not  a  variety  of  the  last. 

3.  Styela  quadrangular  is  (Forbes). 

Cynthia  quadrangidaris  FORBES  in  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p. 
38,  pi.  D,  f.  1. 


106  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

"  Body  conical ;  test  thick,  coriaceous,  dark  reddish- 
brown,  warty ;  orifices  rather  large,  on  produced 
conical  quadrangular  eminences,  the  angles  formed  by 
strong  ribs  composed  of  united  warts ;  rims  of  orifices 
white,  with  a  fine  crimson  bordering  line. 

"Length  nearly  two  inches." 

Hub. — From  a  depth  of  thirty  fathoms  (Forbes). 

SCOTLAND. — Loch  Fyne,  Argyll;  dredged  (Forbes  $' 
Me  Andrew').  Wick,  Caithness  (Peach). 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Hanley,  1848;  coll.  Forbes 
&  McAndrew,  1845. 

A  specimen  of  this  species  is  in  Professor  Goodsir's 
collection.  The  orifices  are  very  wide  and  distinctly 
quadrangular,  and  the  quadrate  form  of  the  tubes  on 
which  they  are  placed  is  continued  on  the  body. 

[The  descriptions  of  this  and  the  previous  species 
are  from  Forbes  &  Hanley 's  'British  Mollusca.'] 

4.   Styela  mamillaris  (G-aertner). 

(PI.  XXXIV,  figs.  7  and  8 ;   PI.  XXXV,  fig.  2;   PI. 

XLI,  figs.  1-3.) 

Distomus  'mamillaris  GAERTNER  in  Pallas'  Spec.  Zool.  I, 
fasc.  10  [1774],  p.  24. 

Ascidia  mamillaris  PALLAS  Spec.  Zool.  I,  fasc.  10  [1774],,  p. 
24,  [pi.  i,  f.  15;]  BRUGUIERE  Hist,  Nat.  Vers,  I  [1789], 
p.  145,  in  Eiicycl.  Meth. ;  [BORY  DE  ST.  VINCENT  Vers, 
etc.  I  (1791),  p.  135,]  pi.  Ixii,  f.  1,  [in  Tabl.  Encycl. 
Meth.  ;  GMELIN  Linntei  Syst,  Nat,  ed  13  (1791),  p.  3127 ; 
Bosc  Hist.  Nat,  Vers,  I  (1802),  p.  102;  TURTON  Gen. 
Syst,  Nat.  IV  (1802),  p.  96,  and  Brit.  Fauna,  I  (1807),  p. 
132;  PCJVERNOY  in  Diet,  Sci.  nat.  III  (1816),  p.  194; 
LAMARCK  Hist,  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p. 
123;  STEWART  Elem.  Nat,  Hist.  I  (1817),  p.  392;  MACLEAY 
Horse  Entomol.  pt.  2  (1821),  p.  204;  STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist, 
II  (1828),  p.  117  ;  LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat,  Anim.  sans  Vert, 
ed.  2  (1840),  p.  527;  THOMPSON  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (1)  V 
(1840),  p.  94,  and  Nat,  Hist,  Ireland,  IV  (1856),  p.  360]. 

Cynthia  mamillaris  [SCHMIDT  in  Ann.  Cliemie,  LIV  (1845), 
p.  318,  and  (transl.)  in  Taylor's  Sclent.  Mem.  V  (1852),  p. 


STYELA    MAMILLARIS.  107 

34;]  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  [1848],  p.  40;  ALDER 
in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863],  p.  162. 
[Phallusia  mamillaris  LCEWIG  and  KOLLIKER  in  Neue  Not. 
Geb.  der  Naturk.  XL  (1846),  cols.  81,  98;  RUPERT  JONES 
in  Cyclop.  Anat,  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1194,  etc. ;  SCHACHT 
in  Arch.  f.  Anat.  1851,  p.  178,  pi.  iv^pl.  v,  ff.  1-6,  and 
(transl.)  in  Q.  J.  Micr.  Sci.  I  (1853),  pp.  35,  107;  KROHN 
in  Arch.  f.  Anat.  1852,  p.  312;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs,  III, 
1  (1861)  p.  115,  etc.,  pi.  xii,  ff.  1,  2  ;  SCHULTZE  in  Arch. 
f.  mikr.  Anat.  XII,  2  (1862),  pp.  179,  183,  pi.  xvii,  f.  3.] 

Body  irregular,  depressed,  transversely  ovate,  at- 
tached throughout  for  nearly  its  whole  length,  deeply 
wrinkled  and  strongly  lobed  or  mamillated.  Apertures 
not  far  apart,  the  branchial  a  little  distant  from  the 
anterior  end,  the  atrial  about  the  middle  of  the  upper 
surface ;  sessile,  slightly  tubular  when  expanded  but 
scarcely  visible  when  contracted ;  their  inner  margins 
rayed  with  crimson.  Test  (PI.  XXXIV,  fig.  7)  very 
tough  and  thick,  of  a  dirty  yellowish  colour,  inside 
silvery  and  marked  with  red  near  the  apertures,  closely 
adherent  to  the  mantle.  Mantle  (PI.  XXXIV,  fig.  8 
and  PI.  XXXV,  fig.  2)  opaque,  yellowish  white  or  flesh- 
coloured,  blotched  with  crimson  towards  the  apertures. 
Tentacular  filaments  linear,  long,  and  stout.  Branchial 
sac  (PI.  XLI,  figs.  1  and  2)  with  four  folds  on  each 
side ;  oral  lamina  smooth.  Ovaries  (PL  XLI,  figs.  2 
and  3)  scattered. 

Length  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches. 

Hal. — On  submarine  rocks  (Gaertner).  [Attached 
to  Laminaria  digitata,  (Thompson}.'] 

ENGLAND. — Hastings,  Sussex  (BowerbanJc).  Lulworth 
Cove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys].  Cornish  coast  (Gaertner}. 
Plymouth,  Cornwall  (Bate}. 

IRELAND. — [Strangford  Lough,  Down,  and  Belfast 
Lough,  Antrim  (Thompson,  1840)]. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Norman}. 

First  record. — Gaertner,  in  Pallas  [1774]  . 

Of  this  curious  species,  which  had  not  hitherto  been 
recognized  since  the  time  of  Gaertner  and  Pallas,  I  had 


108  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

a  few  specimens  sent  to  me  from  Plymouth  by  Mr. 
Spence  Bate,  and  more  recently  several  others  from 
Lulworth  Cove,  Dorsetshire,  by  Mr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys. 
In  its  contracted  state  C.  mamillaris  is  a  very  uncouth- 
looking  mass,  and  would  scarcely  be  recognized  as  an 
animal  except  by  the  practised  eye  of  a  naturalist; 
in  that  state  the"  apertures  being  generally  concealed 
by  the  prominent  lobes  of  the  test,  and  the  surface 
much  covered  with  small  zoophytes  and  algae.  It  was 
from  this  latter  circumstance  no  doubt  that  Pallas 
described  it  as  irregularly  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 
Modiola  marnwrata  is  frequently  found  imbedded  in 
the  test,  and  fragments  of  shells  and  stones  often 
adhere  to  the  root-like  prolongations  of  the  base,  and 
occasionally  also  to  the  surface  of  the  test. 

May  not  this  be  the  species  alluded  to  by  Forbes 
under  the  name  of  Cynthia  microcosmus,  as  occurring 
on  the  south  coast  of  England? 

5.  Styela  opalina  (Alder). 
(Fig.  63  in  text.) 

Cyntlna  opalina  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  (3),  XI  [1863], 
p.  164. 

Body  transversely  ovate,  strongly  but  irregularly 
mamiliated,  opaline  white,  attached  by  a  broad  base. 
Apertures  not  far  apart,  rather  large,  the  branchial 
placed  not  far  from  the  anterior  end.  Test  (fig.  63) 
thick,  smooth,  white,  semi-transparent,  adhering 
strongly  to  the  mantle  throughout.  Mantle  opaque 
white,  with  one  or  two  blotches  of  red  near  the  aper- 
tures. Tentacular  filaments  linear  (?).  Branchial  sac 
with  four  folds  on' each  side  (?),  oral  lamina  smooth, 
inconspicuous. 

Breadth  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch ;  height  one- 
third  less,  rising  a  little  towards  the  anterior  end.* 

*  Alder  in  'Ann.  Xat.  Hist.'  (3),  XI,  p.  164.  [The  "breadth"  of  the 
"  large  specimen  "  figured  by  Mr.  Hancock  (fig.  63)  was  less  than  half  an 
inch,  the  "  height "  one-third  of  an  inch.] 


STYELA    OPALIXA.  109 

Hal. — From  ten  to  fifteen  fathoms  depth. 

EXULAXD.  -  -  Diamond    trawling    ground,    Hastings, 
Sussex  (Bowerbanfc). 

First  record. — Alder  [1863]  ;  coll.  Bowerbank. 

Of  this  pretty  little  species  a  single  specimen  only 
was  obtained,  and,  as  the  internal  parts  were  partially 
decomposed,  their  character  could  not  be  very  satis- 
factorily made  out.  We  know  of  no  other  Sti/ela,  how- 
ever, with  which  it  can  be  confounded.  In  its  opaline 
and  mamillated  test  it  somewhat  resembles  a  miniature 
ta,  but  besides  its  generic  difference,  it 

br. 


FIG.  63. — Test  of  Styela  opalina.     Two  and  a  half  times  natural  size. 

be.  Branchial  aperture. 

likewise  differs  in  form,  and  in  the  more  numerous  and 
smaller  mamillse. 

6.  Styela  coriacea  Alder  &  Hancock. 

(PI.  XXXVII,  fio-s.  1-4 ;  PL  XXXIX,  figs.  2  and  3  ; 
PL  XLI,  figs.  4  and  5.) 

Cy nt.lt ia  coriacea  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  I  [1848],  p.  196;  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit. 
Moll.  II  [1849],  p.  375 ;  [COCKS  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw.  Polyt, 
Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  72;  ALDER  in  Nat,  Hist.  Trans. 
Xortlmmb.  Durham,  I  (1865),  p.  11;  NORMAN  in  Rep. 
Brit.  Assoc.  for  1868  (1869),  p.  303]. 

Body  conical  or  cylindrical  when  extended,  nearly 
hemispherical  when  contracted,  adhering  by  a  broad 
base.  Apertures  terminal,  approximated,  slightly  tubu- 
lar, each  edged  with  a  line  of  red.  Test  (PL  XXXVII, 
figs.  1-4)  yellowish-brown,  minutely  granular,  rough, 
much  wrinkled,  and  often  covered  with  zoophytes 


110  BRITISH    TUNIOATA. 

when  old ;  smooth  and  silvery  on  the  inner  surface. 
Mantle  (PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  2  and  3)  thin,  white,  slightly 
sprinkled  with  brown.  Tentacular  filaments  linear, 
stout,  blotched  with  brown.  Branchial  sac  (PI.  XLI, 
fig.  4)  with  four  folds  on  each  side.  Ovaries  (PL  XLI, 
fig.  5)  large  and  white,  lining  the  mantle  with  trans- 
verse cylindrical  convolutions. 

Height  upwards  of  an  inch  when  extended;  IreadtJt 
half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — Deep  water,  usually  on  shells. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats,  Nor  thumb. ;  brought  in  on 
the  fishermen's  lines  (Alder  [1848]).  [Dogger  Bank 
(Alder,  1865).  Falmouth,  Cornwall  (Cocks,  1849).] 

SCOTLAND. — Shetland  (Jeffreys).  [Dourie  Voe,  Shet- 
land, 1863  (Normnn,  1868).]' 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock,  1848;  coll.  Alder. 

St>/ela  coriacea  is  a  very  contractile  species,  and  in 
its  two  states  of  extension  and  contraction  might  be 
taken  for  different  animals.  The  close-set,  minute 
tubercles  of  its  surface  distinguish  it  from  most  of  its 
congeners.  These  are  rounded  and  not  shagreened  or 
facetted  as  in  S.  granulata,  and  they  can  scarcely  be 
seen  without  a  magnifier.  Young  specimens  conse- 
quently appear  to  be  smooth,  and  are  almost  flat  when 
contracted.  Old  individuals,  however,  become  much 


more  rugose. 


7.  Styela  pomaria  (Savigny). 

(PL  XXXVII,  fig.  5  ;  PL  XXXIX,  fig.  4 ;  PL  XLII, 
figs.  1-7;  PL  XL VIII,  fig.  10;  and  fig.  64  in  text.) 

Cynthia  pomaria  SAYIGXY  [in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Nat.  1 
(1809),  pt.  3,  p.  39,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  pt.  2 
[1816],  p.  156,,  pi.  ii,  f.  1,  and  pi.  vii,  f.  2;  LAMARCK 
Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  2  [1840],  p.  531 ;  [RUPERT 
JONES  in  Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1199 ;  BRONX 
Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861),  p.  104,  etc.,  pi.  xii,  ff.  5,  6  ; 
GRUBE  in  Abh.  Schles.  vaterl.-Cultur,  1868-69  (1869), 
pp.  112,  125]. 


STYELA   POMAEIA.  Ill 

Body  ovate  or  subconical,  rather  irregular,  rugose, 
largely  attached  by  the  side  or  base.  Apertures  not  far 
apart,  rather  prominent.  Test  brownish  or  yellowish, 
sub-opaque,  strongly  wrinkled  longitudinally  and  less 
prominently  in  a  transverse  direction  so  as  to  give  it  a 
pustulose  appearance ;  the  surface  slightly  roughened, 
but  not  hispid.  Mantle  opaque,  bright  crimson  above, 
fading  into  orange  or  yellow  beloAV.  Tentacular  fila- 
ments slender.  Branchial  sac  with  four  folds  on  each 
side ;  oral  lamina  smooth.  Ovaries  globose,  red, 
dispersed  over  the  inside  of  the  mantle  in  imperfect 
longitudinal  rows. 

Length  from  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — In  shallowish  water. 

WALES.- -Teiiby,  Pembroke  (Alder). 
IRELAND. — Portmagee,  Kerry  (Allmari). 
CHANNEL    ISLANDS. — Guernsey    (Hodge    §    Brady}. 
Gouliot  Caves,  Sark  (Norman}. 
First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock. 

The  test  of  this  species  (PI.  XXXVII,  fig.  5)  is 
hard,  firm,  and  rather  thick,  with  the  inside  silvery 
white. 

The  mantle  (PI.  XXXIX,  fig.  4)  is  thick,  tough,  and 
muscular,  with  the  fibres  inconspicuous  on  the  surface; 
but,  when  the  reproductive  organs  are  removed,  strong 
muscular  fibres  are  seen  to  line  the  inside,  arranged  for 

7  G 

the  most  part  diagonally  from  the  ventral  line  down- 
wards and  backwards.  The  tentacular  filaments  are 
numerous  and  vary  in  size ;  they  are  delicate,  not  long, 
and  nearly  linear. 

The  folds  of  the  branchial  sac  (PI.  XLII,  fig.  1) 
are  moderately  developed ;  the  primary  vessels  are 
numerous,  not  much  apart,  variable  in  size  with  usually 
minute  ones  interspersed,  crossing  the  stomata;  the 
secondary  vessels  are  rather  stout  and  short,  and  the 
stomata  are  rounded  at  the  ends.  The  oral  lamina  is 
smooth,  narrow,  and  widened  a  little  below.  The 
branchial  tubercle  (PI.  XL VIII,  fig.  10)  is  peculiar;  it 


112  BRITISH   TUNICATA. 

is  rounded  and  apparently  open  in  the  centre,  with  a 
bilobed  lid ;  but,  as  this  appearance  varies  in  different 
specimens,  it  is  probably  deceptive. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PI.  XLII,  fig.  2)  forms  a 
sigmoidal  curve  extending-  from  the  bottom  of  the 
pallial  sac  to  the  base  of  the  excurrent  orifice.  The 
oesophagus  is  well  developed  and  somewhat  constricted ; 
the  stomach  (PI.  XLII,  fig.  2)  is  oval  and  well  defined 
at  both  extremities,  and  the  interior  is  lined  with 
numerous  deep,  close-set,  longitudinal  laminae ;  the 
intestine  is  rather  wide  and  of  pretty  equal  calibre 
throughout;  the  anus  (fig.  64)  is  a  little  contracted 

FIG.  64.  FlG-  65. 

d 

FIG.  64. — Anal  aperture  of  Styela  pomaria.     Magnified.     FIG.  65. — Anal 
aperture  of  Styela  granulata.     Magnified. 

with  the  rim  narrow  and  broken  up  into  a  few  obtuse 
irregular  denticulations. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PI.  XLII,  figs.  2-7)  are 
numerous  rounded  nodules  scattered  without  much 
regularity  over  both  lobes  of  the  mantle ;  though  there 
is  occasionally  the  appearance  of  a  longitudinal  dis- 
position. This  appearance  is  heightened,  if  not  entirely 
occasioned,  by  olDserving  these  organs  through  the 
branchial  sac,  those  underlying  the  branchial  folds 
being  obscured  and  thus  producing  the  appearance  of 
separation  into  rows  (PL  XLII,  fig.  1).  The  male 
vesicles  form  a  sort  of  cup  around  the  base  of  each 
ovigerous  sac  (PI.  XLII,  figs.  3-7),  composed  of  from 
four  to  seven  segments,  each  segment  being  one  of  the 
vesicles;  from  the  apices  of  the  vesicles  the  minute 
thread-like  ducts  are  seen  to  pass  to  the  upper  surface 
of  the  organ  and  go  to  unite  at  the  base  of  a  minute, 
extremely  short,  nipple -like,  orifice,  overlying  the 


STYELA  POMARIA.  113 

almost  equally  short,  projecting,  comparatively-wide 
oviduct  directed  towards  the  ventral  margin  or  atrial 
space.  Thus  there  are  as  many  oviducts  and  male  out- 
lets as  genital  nodules. 

8.  Styela  sulcatula  (Alder). 

(PL  XXXVII,  fio-s.  6  and  7  ;  PI.  XLII,  figs.  8  and  9 ; 

PL.  XLVIII,  fig.  11.) 

Cynthia  sulcatula  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
'p.  162. 

Body  sub-cylindrical  when  extended,  hemispherical 
when  contracted,  attached  by  a  broad  base.  Apa-tii r^* 
terminal,  on  long  tubes  (about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  body),  approximating  at  the  base,  and  nearly  dis- 
appearing on  contraction ;  they  are  margined  with 
a  red  line  or  entirely  crimson.  Test  dark  reddish- 
brown,  rough  with  longitudinal  and  transverse  furrows, 
giving  the  surface  a  beaded  appearance.  Mantle 
bright  crimson  or  scarlet.  Tentacular  Ji laments  linear. 
Branchial  xac  with  four  folds  on  each  side.  OranVx 
scarlet^  disposed  in  spherical  masses  over  the  inner 
surface  of  the  mantle. 

Lenijtli  from  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hcib. — From  a  few  fathoms  to  deep  water,  on  Styela 
talerosa.  and  the  roots  of  Lamiiun-'ni . 

EXGLAND. — Cullercoats,  Northumb.  (Alder).    Seaham 
Harbour,  Durham  (Hodge). 
First  recon/.— Alder  [1803]. 

The  longitudinal  sulcations  of  the  test  of  this  species 
(PL  XXXVII,  figs.  6  and  7)  are  scarcely  perceptible 
in  spirit  specimens ;  but  the  upper  portions  are  much 
contracted  and  consequently  much  wrinkled  trans- 
versely ;  the  inside  is  silvery  white. 

The  mantle,  which  is  opaque  and  fleshy,  is  firmly 
attached  to  the  test.  The  tentacular  filaments  are 
about  forty;  they  are  short  (varying  in  size),  delicate, 
and  nearly  linear. 

n.  8 


114  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

The  branchial  sac  (PL  XLII,  fig.  8)  is  delicate  and 
the  folds  are  rather  narrow;  the  primary  vessels  are 
stoutish,  vary  in  size,  and  have  an  exceedingly  delicate 
vessel  between  them,  cutting  the  stomata  in  the  centre; 
the  secondary  vessels  are  delicate  and  of  moderate 
length ;  the  ends  of  the  stomata  are  rounded ;  the 
longitudinal  rods  are  wide,  there  are  one  or  two 
between  the  folds,  and  five  or  six  upon  them.  The 
branchial  tubercle  (PL  XLVIII,  fig.  11)  is  rather 
peculiar  in  form ;  it  is  rounded  in  front  with  a  small 
opening  in  the  centre  which  is  overhung  by  a  pointed 
process,  probably  indicating  a  rudimentary  condition 
of  the  spirals.  The  oral  lamina  is  narrow,  but  slightly 
deepens  towards  the  mouth. 

The  alimentary  canal  (PL  XLII,  fig.  9)  forms  a  deep 
sigmoidal  curve  towards  the  inferior  extremity  of  the 
body ;  the  oesophagus  is  well  developed  ;  the  stomach 
(PL  XLII,  fig.  9)  is  short  and  rounded,  with  the  in- 
ternal laminae  seen  through  the  surface ;  the  walls  of 
the  first  or  looped  portion  of  the  intestine  are  thick ; 
but  the  tissue  is  more  delicate,  and  the  calibre 
diminishes  a  little  towards  the  anus,  which  is  not  very 
wide,  and  has  a  narrow  margin  with  a  few  minute 
denticulations.  The  biliary  ducts  are  rather  long,  and 
the  pyloric  lobe  which  receives  them  is  large  and 
conical. 

The  reproductive  organs  (PL  XLII,  fig.  9)  are 
numerous,  rather  large,  oval  or  rounded  nodules ;  the 
oviducts  and  male  outlets  are  similarly  arranged  to 
those  of  the  last  species  (S.  pomaria)  ;  but  the  male 
vesicles  do  not  appear  to  be  confined  to  the  sides  and 
base ;  the  ova  however  were  not  much  developed  in 
the  individual  examined,  and  the  relative  positions  of 
the  two  elements  might  consequently  be  somewhat 
modified.  Numerous  pallial  nodules,  large  and  very 
irregular  in  form,  are  interspersed  amidst  the  repro- 
ductive organs. 

The  approximate  tubular  apertures,  regularly 
furrowed  surface,  and  great  contractility,  distin- 


STYELA    SULOATULA.  115 

guish  this  species  from  the  young  of  8.  tuberosa ; 
the  character  of  the  surface  distinguishes  it  from 
S.  coriacea  and  S.  granulata,  to  which  it  is  more 
nearly  allied.  In  a  contracted  state  the  test  becomes 
much  corrugated,  and  the  apertures  then  appear  large 
and  four-cleft. 

9.  Styela  granulata  (Alder). 

(PL  XXXVII,  figs.  8  and  9  ;   PL  XXXIX,  figs.   5  and 

(3;   PL  XLI1,  figs-  10  and  11  ;  PL  XLVIII,  fig.  12; 

and  figs.  65  and  66  in  text.) 

Cynthia  granulata  ALDER  [MS.  sp.  in  Ansted's  Channel 
Isl.  (1862),  p.  219,  and]  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  163 ;  [M.  &  (i.  O.  SARS  Christianiafjord.  Fauna, 
pt.  2  (1870),  p.  103]. 

Body  cylindrical  when  extended,  nearly  hemi- 
spherical when  contracted,  reddish,  adhering  at  the 
base.  Apertures  terminal,  approximated,  slightly 
tubular,  red  with  a  darker  red  line  round  the  margin. 
Test  (PL  XXXVII,  figs.  8  and  9)  tough,  finely  sha- 
greened  or  granulated,  but  appearing  nearly  smooth 
to  the  naked  eye,  yellowish  or  brownish  red.  Mantle 
(PL  XXXIX,  figs.  5  and  6)  crimson  above,  passing  to 
orange  or  yellow  below.  Tentacular  filaments  linear. 
Branchial  sac  (PL  XLII,  fig.  10)  with  four  folds  on 
each  side. 

Length  about  half  an  inch. 

Hab. — Adhering  to  shells  or  to  other  Ascidians,  in 
moderately  deep  water. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats,  Northumb.  (Alder).  Sealiam 
Harbour  (Hodge)  and  Whitburn  (Alder),  Durham. 
Lul worth  Cove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys).  Isle  of  Man  (Alder). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Alder). 

First  record. — [Ansted,  1862  ;  coll.  Alder.] 

This  Styela  somewhat  resembles  the  last  (8.  sulcata), 
and  is  occasionally  associated  with  it  on  the  test  of 
8.  tuberosa.  It  may,  however,  be  at  once  distinguished 


116 


BRITISH    TUNIC  ATA. 


by  the  shagreening  of  the  test,  which  is  best  seen  when 
the  surface  is  dry;  it  then  appears  covered  with  minute 
shining  facets.  X.  gmnuhtta  may  also  be  distinguished 
from  8.  sulcata  by  its  shorter  tubes  and  smaller  aper- 
tures. It  appears  to  be  pretty-widely  distributed  on 
the  British  coast. 


b.d. 

FIG.  66. — Digestive  organs  (on  left)  and  reproductive  organs  (on  right) 
of  Styela  granulata.     Magnified,     b.d.   Biliary  duct. 


10.  Styela  humilis  */>.  nov. 
(PI.  XXXIX,  fig.  7  ;  PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  13.) 

[Cynfltia  Iti/mi/ix   ALDER  MS.  sp.  in  Ansted's  Channel  Isl. 
(1862),  p.  219.] 

Body  elongate,  conical,  closely  covered  with  fine 
sand  and  a  few  fragments  of  shells ;  adhering  by  a 
small  base.  Apertures  wide  apart,  the  branchial  pro- 
duced and  terminal,  the  atrial  conical,  about  three 
quarters  down  the  body  or  not  far  from  the  base. 
Test  rather  thin,  set  with  short  hairs  or  membranous 
processes  of  the  skin,  to  which  the  sand  adheres. 
Tentacular  filaments  linear.  Branchial  *<tc  with  four 


STYELA    HUMILIS.  117 

shallow  folds  on  each  side,  the  meshes  elliptical,  in 
rather  distant  rows. 

Length  nearly  an  inch. 

Hal). — Adhering  to  nullipores. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — St.  Peter's  Port,  Guernsey; 
dredged  (Alder}. 

First  record. — [Ansted,  1862;  coll.  Alder.] 

The  test  of  8.  humllis  (PI.  XXXIX,  fig.  7)  is  cori- 
aceous with  a  metallic  lustre  inside.  The  mantle  is 
thin  and  firmly  attached  to  the  test. 

The  branchial  folds  are  much  narrower  than  usual ; 
the1  primary  vessels,  which  are  rather  large,  are  regu- 
larly disposed,  and  have  a  minute  vessel  between  them 
which  crosses  the  stomata.  The  stomata  are  fusiform 
with  the  extremities  pointed ;  they  do  not  reach  from 
vessel  to  vessel,  and  their  rows  are  consequently  further 
apart  than  is  usual ;  there  are  widish  spaces  bordering 
the  primary  vessels.  The  longitudinal  rods  are  wide, 
with  the  thickened  free  margin  stout ;  there  are  four 
or  five  on  the  folds,  and  three  or  four  between  them. 
The  oral  lamina  is  smooth  and  moderately  developed ; 
the  branchial  tubercle  (PL  XL VIII,  fig.  13)  is  small. 

The  alimentary  canal  is  short  and  looped ;  the 
stomach  is  rounded  and  its  interior  is  laminated. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  composed  of  numerous 
oval  or  rounded  nodules. 

This  species  has  considerable  resemblance  to  Styela 
comata  in  most  of  its  characters,  but  is  at  once  distin- 
guished from  it  by  the  position  of  the  apertures,  which 
in  $.  hum  His  are  more  widely  apart  than  in  any  other 
species  of  the  genus,  while  in  S.  comata  they  are  close 
together  at  the  upper  end.  S.  humilis  also  is  attached. 

11.  Styela  variabilis  s/>.  nor. 

(PL  XXXVII,  figs.  10-12  ;  PL  XLIII,  fig.  1 ;  PL 

XL VIII,  fig.  14.) 

Body  variable  in  form,  ovate,  sub-orbicular,  or  sub- 
conical,  and  strongly  wrinkled  in  opposite  directions 


118  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

so  as  to  give  the  surface  a  tuberculated  appearance ; 
largely  attached  by  the  side.  Apertures  approximated  ; 
nearly  terminal,  generally  margined  with  a  line  of 
crimson  or  orange.  Test  (PL  XXXVII,  figs.  10  and  11) 
rather  thick,  firm,  yellowish  white  or  brownish,  covered 
with  roundish  tubercles,  the  inside  bright  crimson. 
Mantle  (PL  XXXVII,  fig.  13)  crimson  above,  fading 
to  pale  red  or  orange  below.  Tentacles  long  and 
slender;  the  branchial  aperture  above  them  crimson, 
and  for  some  extent  longitudinally  plicated,  the  lobes 
forming  an  operculum  below.  Branchial  sac  white ; 
oral  lamina  smooth.  Ovarie«  (PL  XLIII,  fig.  1)  orange- 
coloured,  forming  two  diagonal  rolls  on  each  side, 
bordered  by  lobed  or  clavate  spermaries. 

Length  from  half  an  inch  to  upwards  of  an  inch. 

Nab. — In  shallow  water  and  under  stones  within 
tide-marks. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  and  Herm;  not  rare 
(Alder ;  Brady  $•  Hodge;  Norman). 

First  record. — 'Alder  &  Hancock. 

This  species  varies  much  in  form.  Its  usual  appear- 
ance is  something  like  a  raspberry,  but  old  specimens 
are  sometimes  found  a  good  deal  elongated  and  very 
rugose.  It  is  largely  attached,  the  margin  of  the  test 
spreading  a  little  in  a  thin  crust  on  the  stone  or  other 
substance  to  which  it  adheres. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  rather  peculiar,  the 
ovaries  forming  two  cylindrical  rolls,  running  dia- 
gonally on  each  side  of  the  body,  and  at  the  sides  of 
these  are  seen  detached  groups  of  obtusely -lobed  or 
slightly-branched  male  organs. 

Styela  variabilis  has  only  as  yet  been  found  in  the 
Channel  Islands. 


.    •  | 

FIG.  67. — Tentacular  filaments  of  Styela  obscura.     Magnified. 


STYELA    OJBSCUEA.  1  19 


12.  Styela  obscura  sp.  nov. 

(PI.  XXXVII,  fig.  13  (?)  *;  PL  XL  VIII,  fig.  15;  and 

figs.  67-09  in  text.) 

Body  sub-cylindrical  or  sub-conical,  attached  by  the 
base,  and  coated  with  a  thin  but  close  envelope  of  fine 
sand.  Apertures  tubular  and  prominent,  coated  with 
sand  the  same  as  the  body;  the  branchial  terminal, 
rather  broad,  quadrate,  and  wide,  margined  with  red  ; 
the  atrial  about  one  third  down,  on  a  strong  tube, 
rather  narrower  than  the  other,  and  rising  upwards. 
Test  (PI.  XXXVII,  fig.  13)  nearly  colourless,  without 
filaments,  the  sand  adhering  closely  to  the  surface. 
Reproductive  onjtnis  scattered  over  the  inner  surface  of 
the  mantle. 

Length  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab.—  ? 


CHANNEL  ISLANDS.  --Guernsey;  dredged  (Jeffreys 
Norman). 

First  record.  —  Alder   &   Hancock  ;  coll.   Jeffreys   & 
Xormaii,  1805. 

FIG.  68.  Plo>  69- 


o- 

\ 


b.d. 


FIG.  68. — Digestive  organs  of  Styela  obscura.    Magnified.     FIG.  69. — Anal 
aperture  of  the  same.     More  highly  magnified,      b.d.  Biliary  duct. 

This  species  has  some  resemblance  to  Styela  liumilis, 
but  differs  from  it  in  the  position  of  the  atrial  aperture, 
as  well  as  in  the  filaments.  From  8.  comata  it  differs 
in  the  latter  character,  also  in  being  attached,  and  in 

[*  There  may  be  some  doubt  as  to  this  figure  representing  Styela  obscura. 
It  agrees  with  the  description  except  in  coloiir,  perhaps  diie  to  sand.] 


120  BRITISH    TUXIOATA. 

the  tubes  being  coated  with  sand  like  the  rest  of  the 
body,  and  very  partially  retractile. 

13.  Styela  comata  (Alder). 

(PI.  XXXVII,  fig.  14 ;  PL  XXXIX,  fig.  8  ;  PI.  XLIII, 

figs.  2  and  3 ;  PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  16  ;  and  figs. 

70  and  71  in  text.) 

Cynthia  ampulla  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848], 
p.  40 ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field 
Club,  I  [1848],  p.  197  ;  [OWEN  in  Encycl.  Brit.  ed.  8,  XV 
(1858),  p.  331]. 

Non  Ascidia  ampulla  BRUGUIERE  [Hist.  Nat.  Vers,  I  (1789)] . 

Cynthia  comata  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  163,  [and  in  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Nortlmmb.  Durh.  I 
(1865),  pp.  6,  11]. 

Bod ij  unattached,  oblong  ovate,  flask-shaped.  Aper- 
tures terminal  and  approximated,  forming  elongated 
tubes  of  nearly  equal  length,  generally  prettily  blotched 
and  spotted  with  red,  and  retractile.  Test  (PI.  XXXVII, 
fig.  14)  very  thin,  soft,  transparent,  and  nearly  colour- 
less, set  with  long  tufted  hairs  and  covered  with  a  thick 
coating  of  sand.  Tentacular  filaments  linear,  simple. 
Branchial  sac  (PI.  XLIII,  fig.  2)  with  four  folds  on 
each  side.  Ovaries  (PL  XLIII,  fig.  3,  and  fig.  71  in 
text)  extending  over  nearly  all  the  internal  surface  of 
the  mantle  in  small  ovate  or  pyriform  masses. 

Length  a  little  above  an  inch. 

Hob. — Deep  water. 

ENGLAND. — Cullercoats,  Northumb. ;  from  the  fishing 

boats,  not  uncommon  (Alder).    [Durham  (Alder,  1865).] 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Hanley,  1848  ;  [cull.  Alder]. 

Styela  comata  is  remarkable  for  the  thick  coating 
of  sand  with  which  it  is  always  invested,  sometimes 
increasing  it  to  double  the  natural  size.  Tliis  arises 
from  the  great  length  of  the  glandular  hairs,  and  is 
especially  the  case  in  old  individuals,  in  which  they 
are  much  branched  and  become  thickened  at  the  base, 


STYELA    COM  ATA.  121 

giving  the  test  a  peculiar  appearance  when  the  sand  is 
removed. 

This  species  was  at  first  referred  to  the  Ascidia 
ampulla  of  Bruguiere,  the  Ascidium  of  Baster;  but  a 
more  attentive  study  of  its  characters,  and  a  reference 


v.d. 


FIG.  70. — An  ovary  of  Styela  comata.     Magnified,     od.  Oviduct,     v.d. 

Vas  deferens. 

to  the  original  description  and  figures  of  Baster,  induce 
us  to  consider  it  distinct.  His  Ascidium  is  described  as 
thickly  covered  with  minute  hairs  curved  at  the  points, 
and  as  having  the  tubes  granulated  or  shagreened,  in 
neither  of  which  characters  does  the  present  species 

FIG.  71.  FIG.  1-2. 


FIG.  71. — Anal  aperture  of  Styela  comata.     Magnified.     FIG.  72. — Anal 
aperture  of  Styela  vestita.     Magnified. 

agree  with  it,  nor  does  Baster's  species  appear  to  have 
been  coated  with  sand. 

This  and  the  following  species  belong  to  the  G-lauJitln 
of  Stimpson,*  a  genus  divided  from  Cynthia,  on  account 

*  '  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.'  [IV  (1852),  p.  230]. 


122  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

of  the  individuals  being  unattached.  As  this  character, 
however,  is  not  borne  out  by  any  structural  difference, 
and  is  also  found  in  some  species  of  other  genera,  we 
have  not  thought  it  desirable  to  consider  it  of  generic 
value. 

14.  Styela  vestita  (Alder). 

(PL  XXXVII,  fig.  15  ;  PI.  XXXIX,  fig.  9;  PI.  XLIII, 

figs.  4  and  5 ;   PL  XL  VIII,  fig.  17  ;  and  figs. 
72-76  in  text.) 

Cynthia  vestita  (Alder)  STANGER  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  IV  [1860],  p.  335;  [ALDER  in  Nat.  Hist, 
Trans.  NorthumbfDurh.  I  (1865),  pp.  6,  11]. 

Cynthia  glacialis  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  164. 


v 


| 


s. 


o— -.-- 


FIG.  73. — Test  of  Styela  vestita,  devoid  of  shell  fragments,  and  with 
the  apertures  retracted.     Four  times  natiiral  size. 

Body  orbicular  or  ovate,  a  little  compressed,  un- 
attached, and  [almost]  entirely  covered  with  sand 
and  fragments  of  shells.  Apertures  approximated  and 
slightly  tubular  when  expanded,  inconspicuous  when 
withdrawn,  of  a  dull  semitransparent  white.  Test 
(PL  XXXVII,  fig.  15,  and  fig.  73  in  text)  smooth, 


STYELA    VESTITA.  123 

whitish,  soft  and  rather  thin,  a  little  wrinkled  towards 
the  apertures,  with  scattered  hairs,  and  shelly  frag- 
ments adhering  partially  to  the  skin.  Mantle  (PI. 
XXXIX,  fig.  9)  transparent  and  nearly  colourless. 
Tentacular  filaments  (fig.  72)  simple,  linear.  Branchial 
sac  (PI.  XLIII,  fig.  4)  with  four  folds  on  each  side. 
Ovaries  (PL  XLIII,  fig.  5)  in  parallel  cylindrical 
masses,  extending  transversely,  about  four  on  each 
side. 


FIG.  74. — Tentaciilai-  filaments  of  Styela  vestita.     Magnified. 

Diameter  about  half  an  inch. 
Hal. — Deep  water. 

ENGLAND. — Craster,  Northumb. ;  from  the  fishing- 
boats  (Staitt/er).  Dredged  on  the  coasts  of  North- 
umberland and  Durham  in  the  excursions  of  the 
local  Dredo-ing  Committee  of  the  British  Association 

[1862-64]." 

First  record. — Stanger,  1860. 

Mr.  Stanger,  who  first  met  with  this  species,  an- 
nounced its  discovery  in  the  '  Transactions  of  the 
Tyneside  Naturalists'  Field  Club,'  under  the  above 
specific  name  which  we  had  proposed  for  it.  We 
afterwards  thought  it  might  be  the  same  as  a  species 
found  by  Professor  Sars  on  the  Norwegian  coast,  and, 
in  a  paper  in  the  '  Annals  of  Natural  History,'  we 
adopted  his  name  of  Cynthia  glacialis.  A  more  detailed 
description,  however,  since  published  by  Professor  Sars, 
shows  that  his  species  is  quite  distinct,  and  belongs  to 


124 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


our  restricted  genus  Cynthia.     We  have  therefore  re- 
verted to  our  original  name. 

The  form  and  position  of  the  reproductive  organs 
is  very   peculiar   in   this    Tunicate.     The  only  other 


FIG.  75. 
od. 


•  v.d. 


FIGS.  75  and  76. — Ovary  of  Styela  vestita.     Highly  magnified. 
75,  front  view  ;  76,  side  view  of  another. 

species  in  which  we  have  met  with  the  same  arrange- 
ment of  these  organs  is  the  Glandula  mollis  of  Stimpson, 
a  free  and  sand-covered  species  found  on  the  American 
coasts  and  apparently  very  near  to  this  in  most  of  its 
characters. 


STYELA  VIOLACEA.  125 

15.  Styela  violacea  (Alder). 

(PL  XXXVII,  figs.  16  and  17;  PL  XXXIX,  figs. 

10-12.) 

Cynthia  violacea  ALDEE  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.   (3)   XI    [1863], 
p.  165,  [and  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208]. 

Body  very  much  depressed  or  nearly  flat,  transversely 
ovate  or  rounded  in  outline,  and  adhering  by  a  broad 
expanded  base.  Test  slightly  hispid  and  completely 
covered  with  small  grains  of  sand.  Apertures  on  rather 
long  and  slender  tubes  of  a  violet  colour,  set  very  little 
apart,  and  nearly  equally  distant  from  both  ends. 

Diameter  a  quarter  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — Amongst  rocks,  on  an  old  shell  of  Pecten 
maximus. 

WALES. — Anglesey,  in  Menai  Straits  (Mrs.  Hughes). 
First  record. — Alder  [1863]  ;  coll.  Mrs.  Hughes. 

Although,  from  its  minuteness  and  delicacy,  the 
internal  parts  of  this  species  could  not  be  examined, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  of  its  distinctness  from  any 
other  described  Sti/ela.  The  grains  of  sand  adhere  so 
closely  that  they  can  scarcely  be  removed  without 
tearing  the  test,  which  is  very  thin.  Two  specimens 
were  found. 

16.  Styela  fibrillata  sp.  nov. 

(PL  XXXVII,  fig.  18;   PL  XXXVIII;  PL  XL,  fig.  9; 
PL  XL1V,  figs.  1-3  ;  and  figs.  77  and  78  in  text.) 

P>ody  suborbicular  or  ovate,  covered  with  long, 
slender,  or  tufted  fibrils,  occasionallv  anastomosing. 

v  O  J 

and  coated  with  fine  sand,  free  or  very  slightly 
attached.  Test  (PL  XXXVII,  fig.  18;  PL  XXXVIII, 
fig.  1 ;  PL  XXXIX,  figs.  13  and  14)  rather  tough, 
shining  inside.  Apertures  not  far  apart.  Man  fir 
yellowish,  inclining  to  orange,  but  probably  more  or 


126  BRITISH    TUXICATA. 


less  red  when  fresh.  Tentnml«r  filnmfiiis  long  and 
slender.  Branchial  sac  with  stout  transverse  vessels  and 
rather  narrow  folds.  Reproductive  organs  scattered  (?). 


v.d.    od.  9       $  od. 

\     / 


FIG.  77. — Ovaries  of  Styela  fibrillata.     Highly  magnified. 

Diameter  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch. 
Hab.—  ? 

ENGLAND. — Hastings,  Sussex  (Bowerbarik). 
IRELAND.  -  -  Birterbuy     Bay,     Connemara,     Galway 
(Brady). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — -Guernsey  (Norman). 
First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock. 

FIG.  78. 

FIG.  79. 

2& 


FIG.  78. — Anal  aperture  of  Styela  fibrillata.     Magnified.     FIG.  79.— 
Anal  aperture  of  Styela  northumbrica.     Magnified. 

17.  Styela  depressa  sp.  nov. 
(PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  13-16  ;  PL  XLIV,  figs.  4  and  5.) 

Bod//  transversely  ovate,  rather  depressed,  attached 
by  a  broad  base.  Apertures  approximated.  Test 
(PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  13  and  14)  hispid;  the  upper 
portion  covered  with  sand;  the  lower  or  attached 
portion  free  from  sand,  thin  and  with  a  few  scattered 
fibrils.  Mantle  [as  represented  by  figs.  15  and  16  of 


STYELA    DEPRESSA. 


127 


Plate  XXXIX],  Branchial  sac  (PL  XLIV,  fig.  4) 
with  pretty-stout  longitudinal  folds,  the  transverse 
vessels  slender;  oral  lamina  smooth.  Reproductive 
organs  (PI.  XLIV,  fio\  5)  scattered. 

*s  \  o  / 

[Longest  diameter  about  half  an  inch.] 

Hab.—  ? 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey;  dredged  (Norman). 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock ;  coll.  Norman. 

Two  specimens  were  obtained ;  one  attached  to  the 
inside  of  an  old  shell  of  Pectunculus  glycimerus,  the  other 
on  the  carapace  of  a  crab  (Main  squinado). 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  principally  in  the 
depressed  form,  the  larger  surface  of  attachment,  and 
the  shorter  fibrils. 


18.   Styela  northumbrica  sp.  nov. 

PL  XXXIX,  fig.  17;  PL  XLIV,  fig.  6;   and  figs.  79 

and  80  in  text.) 


FIG.  80. — Eeproductive  organs  of  Styela  northumbrica.     Magnified. 

Body  cylindrical,  only  slightly  contractile,  adhering 
by  a  narrow  base,  but  with  the  test  sometimes  con- 
siderably extended  in  an  encrusting  form.  Apertures 
terminal,  approximated,  red.  Test  (PL  XXXIX,  fig.  17) 
rather  thick,  firm,  dull  red  or  reddish-brown,  covered 


128  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

with  small  rounded  tubercles,  inside  bright  crimson. 
Mantle  opaque,  cream-coloured.  Tentacular  filaments 
long,  slender,  linear.  The  interior  of  the  branchial 
aperture  crimson,  and  for  some  distance  longitudinally 
plicated,  the  lobes  forming  an  operculum  below. 
Branchial  sac  white,  with  four  folds  on  each  side. 
Ovaries  (PI.  XLIV,  fig.  (3  and  fig.  81  in  text)  orange- 
coloured,  forming  a  cluster  on  each  side. 

Length  half  an  inch. 

Hal). — Deep  water,  on  Modiola  vulgaris. 

ENGLAND. — Northumberland. 
First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock. 


[Genus  8.  STYELOPSIS  Traustedt,  1882.] 

[Ascidia  (pars)  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Danica,  I  (1788),  p.  14. 
Phallusia  (pars)  FLEMING  Brit.  Aiiim.  (1828),  p.  469. 
Cynthia  (pars)  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit,  Moll.  I  (1848),  p.  39. 
Styelopsis  TRAUSTEDT  in  Vid.   Medcl.  Kjobenh.    (1882),  p. 
115.] 

[Body  globular  or  cylindrical,  attached  at  the  base. 
Apertures  terminal  or  nearly  so,  four-cleft.  Test  tough, 
usually  wrinkled  or  rugose,  rarely  smooth.  Mantle 
closely  adherent  to  the  test,  more  or  less  crimson  in 
colour.  Tentacular  filaments  simple.  Branchial  sac  with 
a  single  strong  fold  near  the  ventral  edge  on  the  left- 
side, and  a  few  rudimentary  folds,  one  of  which  may 
sometimes  be  clearly  seen  ;  and  occasionally  with  one 
or  two  very  indistinct  folds  on  the  right  side.  Ovaries 
on  the  left  side  only ;  usually  tubular,  rarely  globular. 

The  authors  recognized  that  Van  Beneden's  Asciilia, 
grossularia  ought  to  form  the  type  of  a  new  genus 
which  they  neither  named  nor  described,  but  for  which 
a  space  is  left  in  the  transcript  of  their  MS.  They 
also  referred  to  their  proposed  new  genus,  Alder's 
<  '//iitJiin  fjloiiifrata  and  two  new  species.  Their  opinion 
that  these  species  should  form  a  new  genus  must  have 
been  arrived  at  between  the  vears  1863  and  1867,  the 

•/  J 


STYELOPSIS.  129 


earlier  that  on  which  Alder  published  Gi/ntlwt 
the  later  that  of  his  death.  They  do  not  give  any 
reason  for  suggesting  the  removal  of  the  species  from 
Gt/nthia  or  Styela,  merely  leaving  a  blank  space  for  a 
new  generic  name. 

It  was  not  until  1882  that  a  similar  view  was  first 
published,  Traustedt  in  that  year  founding  the  genus 
Sti/elopsis  for  the  single  species  Ascidia  grossularia 
Van  Ben.,  which  in  1848  Forbes  and  Hanley  had 
removed  to  the  genus  Gt/nthia.  Its  affinities  are  more 
\vith  Sti/ela  than  with  G  until  in,  and  Traustedt  distin- 
guished it  from  Stijela  by  the  presence  of  only  one 
plait  in  the  branchial  sac,  which  he  says  is  on  the 
right  side;  the  genital  organs  also  only  being  deve- 
loped on  the  right  side.  His  right  side,  it  should  be 
understood,  is  Alder  and  Hancock's  left  side. 

Traustedt'  s  definition  of  these  genera,  in  '  Vidensk. 
Medd.  Kjobenhaven,'  1882  (vol.  dated  1883),  p.  115, 
may  be  thus  translated  :— 

Styela.  —  Branchial  sac  with  four  folds  on  the  left 
side  (right,  A.  &  H.)  ;  genital  organs  developed  on 
both  sides. 

Styelopsis.  —  Branchial  sac  with  only  one  fold,  on  the 
right  side  (left,  A.^&  H.)  ;  genital  organs  only  deve- 
loped on  the  right-side  (left,  A.  &  H.). 

The  Editor  has  deemed  a  departure  from  his  rule 
not  to  include  any  observation  of  later  date  than  1870 

to  be  unavoidable  with  this  erenus.l 

~  j 

1  .  [Styelopsis]  grossularia     (Van  Beneden)  Traustedt. 
(Plate  XLVI,  figs.  1-4.) 

Ascidia  rustica  jun.  0.  F.  MULLEK  Zool.  Danica,  I   [1788] 

p.  14  (pars),p\.  xv,  ff.  1,2. 
[Ascidia  rustica  JAMESON  in  Mem.  Wernerian  Soc.  I  (1811), 

p.  556;  PENNANT  Brit.  Zool.  ed.  5,  IV  (1812),   p.   100; 

(Anon.)  Encycl.  Perth,  ed.  2  (1816),  p.  597,  pi.  xiii,  f.  9  ; 

THOMPSON    in    Ann.    Nat.    Hist.    (1)    V    (1840),    p.    94; 

(?)  JOHNSTON  Introd.  Conch.  (1850),  p.  297.] 
n.  9 


130  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

\_Phallusia  rustic  a  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  (1828),  p.  469.] 

Ascidia  grossularia  VAN  BENEDEN  Rech.  Ascidies  simpl.  [in 
Mem.  Acad.  Roy.  Belg.  XX  (1847),  p.  61,  pi.  iv,  ff.  6-11  ; 
THOMPSON  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (2)  I  (1848),  p.  63;  FORBES 
in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1850  (1851),  p.  253 ;  RYMER 
JONES  Organiz.  Anim.  Kiugd.  ed.  2  (1855),  p.  494;  ed.  3 
(1861),  p.  487;  and  ed.  4  (1871),  p.  523;  THOMPSON  Nat. 
Hist.  Ireland,  IV  (1856),  p.  360]. 

Cynthia  rustica  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p. 
39;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field 
Club,  I  [1848],  p.  197;  [LANDSBOROITGH  Treas.  Deep 
(1847),  p.  49,  and  Excurs.  Arran  (1852),  p.  49;  NORMAN 
in  Zoologist,  XA7  (1857),  p.  5708  ;  DICKIE  in  Rep.  Brit. 
Assoc.  for  1857  (1858),  p.  111]. 

Cynthia  grossularia  [FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  (1848), 
p.  40;' COCKS  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850), 
p.  72;  GOSSE  Tenby  (1856),  p.  93;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs, 
III,  1  (1861),  p.  161;  ANSTED  Channel  Islands  (1862),  p. 
219;]  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863],  p.  165; 
[in  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  Durli.  I  (1865),  p.  11; 
and  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208  ;  MC!NTOSH 
in  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.  (1866),  p.  605;  NORMAN  in 
Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1868  (1869),  p.  303;  M.  &  G.  0. 
SARS  Christianiafjord.  Fauna,  pt.  2  (1870),  p.  102]. 

[Styelopsis  grossularia  TRAUSTEDT  in  Vid.  Medd.  Kjobeiih. 
(1882),  p.  115.] 

Body  hemispherical,  more  or  less  rugose,  rusty  red, 
bright  red,  or  yellowish  drab,  largely  adherent  and 
spreading  at  the  base  when  single,  more  erect  when  in 
compact  clusters.  Apertures  rather  large,  shortly 
tubular,  bright  red,  set  considerably  apart  on  the 
upper  surface.  Test  tough,  thickish,  and  much  wrinkled 
in  old  specimens,  nearly  smooth  when  young.  Mantle 
crimson,  yellowish  at  the  base.  Tentacular  filaments 
large  and  stout.  Branchiae,  orange-coloured,  with  a 
single  strong  fold  near  the  ventral  line  on  the  left  side, 
occasionally  a  small  accessory  one  on  the  same  side, 
and  one  or  two  very  indistinct  folds  on  the  right ; 
oral  lamina  broad  and  smooth.  Ovaries  large,  cylin- 
drical, arranged  in  a  longitudinal  line  [on  the  left 
side]. 

Diameter  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch. 


STYELOPSIS    GROSSULARIA.  131 

Hab. — Between  tide-marks  and  in  shallow  water,  on 
the  underside  of  stones ;  on  the  roots  and  stems  of 
Laminaria,  and  occasionally  on  the  fronds  of  fuel ; 
common  on  oysters.  [Adhering  to  the  roots  of 
Laminaria  (Fncus)  digitata  (Jameson).  Commonly  in- 
vesting the  larger  marine  plants,  and  on  shells,  stones, 
etc.  (Thompson}. ~\ 

Common  on  all  our  coasts. 

First  record. — Forbes  and  Hanley,  1848.  [Jameson, 
as  Ascidia  rustica,  1811.] 

[Styelopsis]  grossularia  (PI.  XL VI,  figs.  1-4)  is  an 
extremely  variable  species,  changing  its  appearance  so 
much  in  different  situations  and  under  different  cir- 
cumstances that  we  have  sometimes  been  induced  to 
think  that  more  than  one  species  might  be  included  in 
it.  When  growing  singly  it  is  rather  depressed,  and 
the  test  spreads  into  a  thin  membrane  around  the  base 
(PI.  XL VI,  figs.  3  and  4),  but  in  sheltered  situations, 
as  under  shelving  rocks,  the  individuals  accumulate  in 
compact  masses,  so  closely  packed  as  to  allow  of 
growth  only  upwards,  and  adhering  very  firmly  to 
each  other  at  the  sides  (PI.  XL VI,  figs.  1  and  2). 
The  young  in  such  cases  often  attach  themselves  to 
the  surface  of  the  parent,  so  as  at  first  sight  to  appear 
as  if  budding  from  it  (PI.  XL VI,  fig.  1).  In  the  more 
free  state,  likewise,  the  spreading  bases  of  several 
individuals  sometimes  come  into  contact  and  unite,  but 
on  careful  inspection  the  line  of  union  can  generally 
l)e  detected.  The  test,  viewed  as  a  transparent  object 
under  a  microscope,  always  shows  transverse  anas- 
tomosing corrugations,  but  it  often  appears  smooth  to 
the  naked  eye,  especially  in  the  young  state. 

[Styelopsis]  grossularia  has  been  considered  by 
English  authors  to  be  the  Ascidia  rustica  of  Linnaeus. 
Miiller  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  mistake  the 
young  of  that  species ;  the  description  "  Junior  liemi- 
spserica,  mamillaris"  in  his  '  Prodromus,'  and  the 
smaller  figures  parasitical  on  the  larger  form  in 


132  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

'  Zoologia  Danica'  [Plate  xv,  f.  3],  being  sufficiently 
characteristic  of  our  animal.  Continental  authors,  and 
I  think  rightly,  have  considered  the  larger  (adult) 
form  described  by  Miiller  to  be  the  true  Ascidin  ruatica. 
Having  ascertained  from  specimens  sent  to  me  by  the 
accomplished  author,  that  Professor  Van  Beneden's 
Ascidia  grossularia  is  identical  with  our  British  species, 
I  do  not  hesitate  to  adopt  his  name.  The  Cynthia 
t/titfii  of  Stimpson  appears  also  to  be  synonymous  with 
this.  The  true  Ascidia  rustic  a  of  Miiller  has  not 
hitherto  been  met  with  in  this  country. 


2.  [Styelopsis]  sphserica  sp.  nov. 

Ascidia  rusticajun.  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Danica,  I  [1788],  p. 
14  (pars),  pi.  xv,  ff.  1,  2. 

Body  globose,  finely  corrugated  transversely, 
attached  to  sea- weeds  by  a  narrow  base.  Apertures 
nearly  terminal,  not  far  apart,  small,  smooth.  Test 
semitransparent,  with  fine  transverse  corrugations, 
stronger  and  becoming  somewhat  puckered  near  the 
apertures.  -Tentacular  filaments  linear.  Branchial  sac 
with  a  single  distinct  fold  on  the  left  side,  and  a  very 
slight  one  on  the  right,  both  situated  near  the  oral 
lamina,  which  is  smooth ;  the  meshes  longitudinal  and 
much  elongated.  An  ovary  on  the  left  side  only,  lying 
perpendicularly  on  the  dorsal  aspect. 

Diameter  rather  above  half  an  inch. 

Hob.—  ? 

IKE  LAND. — Killery  Bay,  Gal  way  (Thompson}. 
First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock  ;  coll.  Forbes,  Ball, 
&  Thompson,  1840. 

A  single  specimen,  apparently  adult,  with  a  young- 
one  attached,  is  preserved  in  Mr.  Thompson's  col- 
lection, now  in  the  Belfast  Museum.  It  is  labelled 
"  Killery  Bay,  1840,"  and  was  got  during  an  excursion 
of  Messrs.  Forbes,  Ball,  and  Thompson  to  that  locality ; 


STYELOPSIS   SPHA'IRICA.  loo 

it  was  probably  considered  by  them  to  be  a  variety  of 
Ascidia  rustica  of  Miiller.  there  appears,  indeed,  to 
be  little  doubt  that  it  is  identical  with  the  second-sized 
figure  under  that  name  in  Plate  XV  of  the  '  Zoologia 
Danica.'  We  believe,  however,  that  the  three  sizes 
there  figured  by  Miiller  as  different  stages  of  the 
growth  of  his  Ascidia  rustica-  are  really  three  distinct 
species,  and  that  the  name  must  be  retained  for  the 
largest  or  typical  variety  only.  It  thus  becomes 
necessary  to  give  a  new  appellation  to  the  Ascidian 
now  under  consideration. 


3.  [Styelopsis]  lineata  sp.  nov. 

Body  globose,  deep  red,  attached.  Apertures  large, 
nearly  circular,  placed  a  little  apart  on  conical  pro- 
tuberances of  a  paler  colour  than  the  body,  lineated 
with  longitudinal  bands  of  a  deeper  colour,  and  within 
of  an  exquisite  rose-red,  a  white  line  sometimes  sur- 
rounding the  rim.  Apertures,  branchial  the  larger 
and  terminal,  atrial  a  little  to  one  side.  T<vf  thick, 
rugose,  deep  red.  Gregarious. 

Diameter  about  one  fifth  of  an  inch. 

Hab.-—0n  fuci. 

ENGLAND.  -  -  Salcombe  Bay,  Devon,  dredged,  the 
numerous  individuals  forming  a  dense  mass  about  six 
inches  in  length,  covering  both  sides  of  a  fucus 
(Hinclcs). 

First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock ;  coll.  Hincks. 

For  a  knowledge  of  this  species  we  are  indebted  to 
Mr.  Hincks,  from  whose  manuscript  notes  the  above 
description  is  drawn  up.  He  remarks  that  "the  white 
rim  and  longitudinal  rose  lines  are  characteristic." 
Never  having  found  similar  markings  in  any  of  the 
allied  species,  I  agree  with  him  in  thinking  it  distinct. 
It  is  nearly  allied  to  [$.]  grossitlaria. 


134  BEITISH    TUNICATA. 

4.   [Styelopsis]  glomerata  (Alder). 
(PL  XLV,  figs.  1  and  (?)  2 ;  PI.  XLVI,  fig.  5.) 

Cynthia  ylomerata  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  166. 

Body  ovate  or  sub-globose,  smooth,  cherry-red,  the 
individuals  crowded  into  closely-adherent  clusters. 
Apertures  rather  small,  not  far  apart,  very  slightly 
prominent,  quadrate,  but  sometimes  appearing  as  a 
simple  slit  when  closed.  Test  tough,  rather  shining, 
smooth  or  sometimes  very  slightly  wrinkled  in  old 
individuals,  closely  adherent  to  the  mantle.  Mantle 
bright  crimson.  Tentacular  filaments  slender.  Bran- 
chial sac  red,  with  one  large  fold  and  a  smaller  one  on 
the  left  side,  and  two  or  three  small  ones  on  the  right, 
the  largest  folds  being  near  the  oral  lamina,  which  is 
smooth.  Ovaries  disposed  in  small  crimson  pellets 
over  the  inside  of  the  mantle. 

Height  from  a  quarter  to  nearly  half  an  inch. 

Hal>. — Deep  water  (?). 

SCOTLAND. — Wick,  Caithness ;  cast  up  after  a  storm 
(Peach). 

First  record.—  Alder,  1863. 

This  interesting  species  differs  from  most  of  its  con- 
geners in  the  smoothness  of  its  test,  and  in  the  little 
prominence  of  its  apertures,  which  are  generally  level 
with  the  surface  when  closed.  We  are  indebted  to 
Mr.  Peach  for  the  beautiful  group  from  which  the 
description  is  taken  (PI.  XLV,  fig.  1;  PL  XLVI, 
fig.  5).  It  consists  of  a  globular  mass  of  individuals 
of  all  ages  and  sizes,  piled  upon  each  other  so  as  to 
resemble  a  large  fruit  of  the  Riibus  tribe.  The  ex- 
traneous substance  to  Avhich  they  are  attached  is  so 
completely  covered  as  not  to  be  discernible,  and  the 
individuals  themselves  adhere  so  closelv  that  at  first 

t/ 

sight  they  appear  to  form  one  compound  animal.  That 
this  is  not  the  case,  however,  may  be  seen  by  a  more 
minute  inspection,  when  the  lines  of  junction  between 


STYELOPSIS   GLOMEEATA.  135 

them  can  generally  be  detected,  and,  with  a  little  care, 
an  individual  may  be  detached  entire,  showing  110 
point  of  organic  junction  with  the  rest.  The  young 
fix  themselves  on  all  parts  of  the  older  ones  and  in  the 
spaces  between  them,  so  that  in  process  of  time  a 
globular  group  as  here  described  is  the  result. 


Genus  9.     THYLACIUM     V.  Carus,  1851. 

Thylacium  VICTOR  CARUS  in  Proc.  Ashmol.  Soc.  II  [1851], 
p.  266  ;  [ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  (1863),  p.  167]  .* 

Body  elongated,  oval,  sessile,  attached.  Test  cori- 
aceous, opaque,  adhering  to  the  mantle.  Apertures, 
both  four-lobed.  Branchial  sac  with  fewer  than  eight 
folds,  the  meshes  rectilinear.  Tentacular  filaments 
simple,  linear.  Stomach  and  intestine  on  the  right 
side.  Individuals  associated  by  a  creeping  fibre  on 
a  common  base.  Propagation  by  gemmae  as  well  as 
by  ova  (?). 

[The  authors  add :  "  The  character  to  be  revised," 
and  they  quote  the  original  description  of  Dr.  T.  V. 
Carus,  as  follows  :--]  "  Common  base  a  broad  fleshy 
structure  supporting  closely-set  individuals;  outer  tunic 
coriaceous ;  both  orifices  with  four  lobes ;  abdomen  as 
long  as  the  thorax." 

Dr.  T.  Victor  Carus  established  the  genus  Thylacium, 
which  he  formed  for  the  reception  of  an  Ascidian 
found  by  him  in  the  Scilly  Islands,  and  to  which  he 
also  added  the  previously-known  Ascidia  aggregata  of 
Hathke.  The  apparent  organic  connection  of  the 
individuals  of  this  genus  by  a  solid  fleshy  base  has  in- 
duced the  learned  author  to  include  it  in  the  family 
Clavelinida3,  and  to  consider  it  to  be  propagated  by 
gemmation  as  well  as  by  ova.  This  may  be  the  case, 
but  the  very  close  resemblance  between  the  Thylacium 
Sylvani  and  some  of  the  smaller  gregarious  Cynthise 
already  described  induces  us  to  receive  the  opinion 

*  For  generic  synonyms  see  iinder  T.  aggregatum  and  T.  variolosum. 


136  BRITISH   TUNICATA. 

with  caution.  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Acland 
we  have  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  the  original 
specimen  now  in  the  Oxford  Museum. 


1.  Thylacium  aggregation  (Rathke)  V.  Cams. 
(Plate  XL VI,  figs.  (3-8.) 

Asctdia    ai/</n.'i/ata    EATHKE   in    Miiller's    Zool.    Danica,  IV 

[1806],  p.  11,  pi.  cxxx,  [fig.  2]. 
Cynthia  agyregata  FORBES  &  HAXLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I   [1848], 

p.  41,  pi.  D;  f.  5  ;    [ANSTED  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219]. 
TJu/lartum  aggregatxnt   VICTOR  CARUS  in  Proc.  Ashniol.  Soc. 

II  [(1851),  p.  268]. 

Boil ij  bottle-shaped,  cylindrical,  bright  orange  (or 
flesh-coloured),  erect  and  adhering  by  a  small  base. 
Apertures  terminal,  approximate,  of  a  deeper  orange 
than  the  body  and  margined  with  red.  Test  (PL  XLVI, 
figs.  6  and  7)  nearly  smooth,  or  slightly  wrinkled, 
rather  thin,  sending  out  at  the  base  slender  root-like 
fibres,  which  are  occasionally  nodose.  Tentacular 
filaments  linear,  stout,  flattish,  and  tapering,  alternately 
large  and  small.  Branchial  sac  with  two  folds  on  each 
side.  Oral  lamina  smooth,  broad.  Ocaries  in  two 
longitudinal  rows  near  the  back,  curved  a  little  at  the 
base,  bright  orange  or  scarlet. 

Length  about  an  inch. 

Var.  maculatum  var.  nov.  Smaller  and  rather  more 
ventricose,  of  a  flesh-colour  spotted  with  red,  minute 
fragments  of  shell  adhering  to  the  surface. 

Halt. — Under  large  stones,  in  12  fathoms  water. 

ENGLAND. — Dartmouth,  Devon ;  gregarious  in  vast 
numbers  (Forbes  §•  McAndrew).  Scilly  Isles  (Cams). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Norman  fy  Aider). 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Hanley,  1848;  coll.  Forbes 
&  McAndrew,  1846. 

[The  habitat  and  localities  apparently  refer  to  both 
the  type  and  the  variety.] 


THYLACIUM    STLYANI.  137 

2.  Thylacium  Sylvani  V.  Gams. 
(Plate  XLVI,  figs.  9-11.) 

Thijlacium  Sylvani  VICTOR  CARUS  in  Proc.  Ashmol.  Soc.  II 
[(1851),  p.  268]. 

Bod)/  more  or  less  globular  or  oblong-ovate,  united 
in  clusters  to  a  common  base,  of  a  dark,  dusky,  a  sh- 
red colour,  lighter  when  young.  Apertures  rather 
distant,  011  short  conical  papilla?,  paler  than  the  body. 
Test  (PL  XLYI,  figs.  9-11)  coriaceous,  rough;  (in 
specimen  sent  by  the  Rev.  D.  Ashford)  reddish  brown, 
rose-coloured  when  young.  Mantle  bright  crimson  or 
scarlet. 

Height  from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — On  the  under-surface  of  overhanging  rocks 
near  low-water  mark  (Carus). 

ENGLAND. — Meledyon,  White  Isle,  behind  Sampson 
Island,  Scilly  Isles  ;  gregarious  in  immense  numbers 
(Carus). 

First  record. — Carus,  1850. 

2.  Thylacium  Normani  Alder. 
(Plate  XLV,  figs.  3-5.) 

Thylacium  Normani  ALDER  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  XI  [1863], 
p.  167  ;  [NORMAN  in  Rep.  Brit,  Assoc.  for- 1867  (1868),  p. 
439] . 

Body  subclavate,  rounded  above  and  contracted  a 
little  belowr,  reddish,  firmly  fixed  in  groups  to  a 
common  fleshy  base.  Apertures  rather  large  and  pro- 
minent, set  considerably  apart  at  the  upper  end, 
quadrate,  or  nearly  circular  when  expanded,  some- 
times appearing  as  a  single  slit  when  closed.  Test 
(PI.  XLV,  figs.  3-5)  strongly  wrinkled  or  sub-tuber- 
culated,  rather  smoother  near  the  apertures.  Ten  tac-nlar 
filaments  linear,  very  slender.  Branchial  sac  with  two 
or  three  folds  (?)  on  each  side. 


188  BRITISH   TUNICATA. 

Height  about  two-tenths  of  an  inch. 
Hab. — Adhering    to    the    roof    and    sides    of    caves 
(Norman). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Gouliot  Caves,  Sark  (Norman). 
SCOTLAND. — [St.  Margaret's  Bay,  Shetland;  dredged, 
1867  (Norman).] 

First  record. — Alder,  1863;  coll.  Norman  [1859]. 

[Alder  (loc.  cit.)  says  that  this  species  "  is  much 
smaller  than  the  T.  Sylvani  of  Carus,  of  a  different 
form,  and  appears  to  spread  more  horizontally."] 

4.  Thylacium  variolosum  (Gaertner). 
(Plate  XL VI,  figs.  12-14.) 

Distomus  variolosus  GAERTNER  in  Pallas'  Spic.  Zool.  I,  fasc. 

10  [1774],  p.  40;    [LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Yert. 

ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p.  101,  and  ed.  2,  III  (1840),  p.  498]. 
Alcyoniiim  ascidiuideN  PALLAS  Spic.  Zool.  I,  fasc.  10  [1774], 

p.  40,  pi.  iv,  ff.  7,  7a ;    [GMELIN  Linnasi  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  13, 

I,  pt.  6  (1791),  p.  3816;]   TURTON  Brit.'  Fauna  [1807], 

p.  '208. 
\_Alcyonium  distomum  BRUGUIERE  Hist.  Nat.  Yers,  I  (1789), 

p/23,  in  Encycl.  Meth. ;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat.  Yers,  III  (1802), 

p.   132  ;  LAMOURODX  Polyp.  Corall.  flex.  (1816),  p.   352, 

and  (transl.)  Corallina  (1824),  p.  250.] 
Distoma  variolosum  SAVIGNY  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Yert.  pt.  2 

[1816],  pp.   38,   178;    [LAHOUROUX   Exp.    metli.    Polyp. 

(1821),  p.  73;]   FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848], 

p.  19. 
[Distoma    variola i 'us    BLAIKVILLE  Man.    Malac.     et    Conch. 

(1825),  p.  585  ;   (1827),  pi.  Ixxxvii,  f.  4.] 
\_Botryllus  variolosus  DELLE  CHIAJE  Mem.  Anim.  senza  Yert. 

Ill  (1828),  pp.  86,  94.] 

Polyzona  variolosa  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  [1828],  p.  469. 
Thi/laciiim  variegatum  ALDER   in  Ann.   Nat.   Hist.    (3)    XI 

[1863],  p.  168. 

Body  (in  each  individual)  transversely  ovate, 
depressed,  doridiform,  shaded  with  flesh-colour  and 
red.  Apertures  not  much  apart,  on  the  upper  surface, 
the  branchial  rather  nearer  the  end.  Test  slightly 


THYLACIUM    VARIOLOSUM.  139 

wrinkled  or  nearly  smooth,  generally  red  towards  the 
anterior  and  paler  towards  the  opposite  end,  with  a 
whitish  raised  circle  around  each  aperture,  that  of  the 
branchial  largest  and  radiated  with  red.  Individuals 
(PI.  XL VI,  figs.  12  and  13)  connected  by  a  mem- 
branous expansion,  at  the  base,  of  a  paler  colour. 
Tentacular  filaments  linear,  stout. 

Length  (transverse)  of  individuals  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch.  Diameter  of  the  general  mass  one-half  to 
three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Hab. — On  Fucus  palmatus  [?  =  Rhodymenia  palmata] 
(Gaertner) ;  on  the  test  of  Cynthia  [Styela]  mamillaris 
(Jeffreys'):,  on  the  carapace  of  Maia squinada  (Norman}. 

ENGLAND. — Lulworth  Cove,  Dorset  (Jeffreys).  [Coast 
of  Cornwall  (Gaertner)  .~\ 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Norman). 

First  record. — Gaertner  [1774]. 


Genus  10.     PELONAIA*     Forbes  &  Goodsir,  1841. 

Pelonaia  FORBES  &  GOODSIR  fin  Eep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1840 
(1841),  Sect,  p.  137,  and]  in  Ediiib.  new  Plrilos.  Journ. 
XXXI  (1841),  p.  29  ;  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I 
[1848],  p.  42;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  I  [1848],  p.  195;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent 
Moll.  II  [1858],  p.  593. 

[Ascidia  (pars)  DALYELL  Rare  Aiiim.  Scotl.  II  (1848),  p.  141.] 
Pelontea  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  [1856],  p.  338. 

Animal  free  or  very  slightly  adhering  by  glandular 
fibrils,  elongated,  cylindrical,  vermiform,  broadish  and 
rounded  or  obtusely  pointed  towards  the  inferior  end. 
Apertures  4-lobed,  terminal,  on  short,  conical  papilla?. 
Test  tough,  closely  adhering  to  the  mantle.  Tentacular 
filaments  linear,  small.  Branchial  sac  without  folds, 
extending  two-thirds  down  the  body ;  meshes  recti- 
linear. Stomach  and  intestine  sub-abdominal.  Repro- 
ductive organs  on  both  sides  of  the  branchial  or  thoracic 
portion  of  the  body. 

*  "Pelonaea"  in  the  transcript  of  the  authors'  MS.,  throughout. 


140  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

This  curious  genus,  wliicli  very  much  resembles  a 
Sipunculus  in  external  form,  and  might  readily  be 
taken  at  first  sight  for  a  vermiform  echinoderm,  is 
nevertheless  closely  related  to  Stijela  in  most  of  its 
characters.  It  differs  from  that  genus,  however,  in  its 
elongated  form,  in  the  absence  of  branchial  folds,  and 
more  especially  in  the  position  of  the  stomach  and 
intestine,  which  lie,  for  the  most  part,  below  the  bran- 
chial sac,  showing  in  this  respect  an  approach  to 
Glouvelina  and  Ciona,  and  to  those  compound  Ascidians 
in  which  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  distinct. 

Pdonaia  appears  to  be  a  boreal  form,  having  yet  been 
found  only  in  the  northern  portion  of  Great  Britain,* 
in  Norway,  and  in  North  America.  The  species 
inhabit  deepish  water  on  a  muddy  or  sandy  bottom. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  internal  structure  was 
given  by  Forbes  and  Groodsir  in  their  paper  on  this 
interesting  genus  in  the  '  Edinburgh  New  Philosophical 
Journal ' ;  but  as  the  anatomy  of  the  animal  was  much 
misunderstood  by  these  two  eminent  naturalists,  we 
give  the  following  description  [of  the  anatomy  of  the 
typical  species,  P.  corrugata]  entirely  from  our  own 
observations. 

The  test  (PI.  XL VI,  fig.  15)  is  not  by  any  means 
thick ;  it  is  tough,  opaque,  and  firm,  with  the  external 
surface  wrinkled  transversely  and  covered  with 
branched  fibrils,  most  numerous  at  the  inferior,  en- 
larged and  rounded,  extremity.  It  is  throughout 
strongly  adherent  to  the  mantle,  from  which  it  is  with 
difficulty  removed. 

The  mantle  is  considerably  thinner  than  the  test, 
and  is  provided  with  muscular  fibres,  of  which  the 
longitudinal  ones  are  most  conspicuous.  It  is  almost 
colourless,  being  only  slightly  tinged  with  yellow. 

The  branchial  sac  (PL  XL VI,  fig.  16;  PL  XLVII, 
figs.  2  and  3 ;  and  fig.  81  in  text)  is  very  much  elongated, 
though  it  does  not  reach  to  the  bottom  of  the  pallial 
chamber,  the  greater  portion  of  the  digestive  apparatus 

*  [Both  species,  it  will  be  seen  later,  are  recorded  from  Cornwall.] 


PELONAIA.  141 

lying  below  it.  The  sac,  which  is  much  constricted 
above,  widens  gently  downwards,  and  is  a  little  pro- 
duced at  the  base,  towards  the  ventral  margin,  where 
the  oesophagus  enters  it.  It  is  composed  of  a  simple, 
rectangular  reticulation,  in  which  the  primary  trans- 
verse vessels  are  regularly  disposed,  with  smaller 
transverse  channels  between  them.  The  meshes  are 
parallelogrammatic,  wide  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
and  crossed  about  the  middle  by  the  small  transverse 
vessels.  The  longitudinal  cords  are  narrow  ribbon- 
like  membranes,  attached  bv  one  edo-e  to  both  the 

t/  o 

large  and  small  primary  vessels. 


. 


FIG.  81. — Part  of  the  branchial  sac  of  Pelonaia  corrugata.      Much  enlarged. 

The  endostyle  (PI.  XL VII,  figs.  2  and  4)  is  well 
developed,  and  extends  almost  from  one  end  of  the 
sac  to  the  other,  there  being  only  a  very  short  distance 
between  its  lower  end  and  the  mouth.  The  oral 
lamina  (PI.  XLVII,  fig.  4)  is  a  delicate,  simple,  smooth, 
widish  membrane,  which  terminates  below  at  the  right 
side  of  the  mouth,  and  above  in  the  anterior  cord 
which  connects  it  with  the  extremity  of  the  endostyle. 
The  posterior  cord  is  very  short.  The  branchial 
tubercle  (PL  XLVII,  fig.  4;  PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  18)  has 
the  extremities  well  turned  inwards,  the  convolutions 
downwards,  and  tlie  arched  margin  upwards.  The 


142  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

tentacular  filaments  (PL  XL VII,  fig.  4)  are  small, 
linear,  and  simple,  nearly  of  equal  size,  from  twelve  to 
fourteen  in  number,  arranged  a  little  above  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  branchial  sac. 

The  branchial  suspenders  are  well  developed,  and, 
as  they  are  attached  to  the  walls  of  the  primary  vessels, 
when  the  animal  is  contracted  they  are  liable  to  draw 
the  branchial  organ  into  transverse  wrinkles ;  this 
constantly  happens  with  all  those  forms  which  have 
that  organ  much  elongated. 

The  heart  (PL  XL VII,  fig.  1)  is  a  long,  rather 
narrow,  tube ;  it  lies  between  the  mantle  and  lining 
membrane  on  the  left  side,  in  a  by  no  means  wide 
pericardial  chamber.  The  dorsal  end  advances  a  short 
way  upwards,  and  on  reaching  the  endostyle  there 
terminates  ;  the  ventral  extremity  abuts  against  the 
cardiac  end  of  the  stomach,  and  sends  a  large  trunk 
vessel  to  either  side  of  that  organ.  The  systemic 
circulation  has  not  been  further  traced ;  the  branchial 
circulation,  however,  is  evident  enough,  and  differs  in 
no  respect  from  that  in  Ascidia. 

The  nerve-ganglion  (PL  XLVII,  fig.  4;  PL  XL VIII, 
fig.  18)  is  rather  bulky,  being  less  attenuated  than  usual, 
and  the  branchial  tubercle  rests  upon  its  anterior  ex- 
tremity. 

The  mouth  (PL  XLVII,  figs.  1-3)  is  circular,  and 
opens  into  the  base  of  the  branchial  sac  towards  the 
ventral  margin.  The  oesophagus  (PL  XLVII,  figs. 
1—3)  is  much  longer  than  usual,  and  passes  downwards 
by  the  ventral  margin  almost  to  the  bottom  of  the 
pallial  chamber.  It  then  suddenly  turns  upwards  to 
reach  the  lower  end  of  the  stomach,  which  is  an  elon- 
gated, pyriform  organ  placed  diagonally  below  the 
branchial  sac,  the  attenuated  or  pyloric  extremity 
passing  upwards  in  the  direction  of  the  dorsal  margin 
of  the  chamber.  The  intestine  (PL  XLVII,  figs.  1-3) 
leaves  this  extremity  of  the  stomach,  and,  ascending  a 
little,  turns  inwards  and  downwards,  and  forms  a  small 
narrow  loop.  It  then  crosses  to  the  ventral  margin  of 


PELONATA.  143 

the  chamber,  in  a  deep  sigmoidal  curve,  and,  bending 
upwards,  extends  in  a  straight  line  to  the  cloaca.  This, 
the  rectal  portion,  is  considerably  wider  than  the  pyloric 
extremity,  and  its  walls  are  thin  and  membranous. 
The  anus  (PI.  XLVII,  tigs.  1-3)  is  a  wide  orifice  with 
the  margin  reflected  and  divided  into  about  twenty 
rounded  lobes  or  denticulations.  In  the  pyloric  por- 
tion the  mucous  membrane  is  stout  and  is  produced 
into  a  ridge  along  the  left  side,  as  evinced  by  a  dark, 
groove-like  line  seen  on  the  surface,  similar  to  that 
observed  in  Styel<i.  The  mucous  membrane  of  the 
stomach  is  likewise  raised  into  numerous,  close,  regular, 
longitudinal  plicae.  The  lining  of  the  oesophagus 
appears  to  be  smooth. 

The  whole  of  the  alimentary  tube  lies  within  a  fold 
of  the  lining;  membrane,  and  thus  becomes  attached  to 

O 

the  right-hand  wall  of  the  pallial  chamber.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  intestine  merely  bulges  out  this 
membrane ;  but  the  stomach  and  oesophagus  project 
further  into  the  pallial  chamber,  being,  to  a  certain 
degree,  suspended  as  it  were  by  the  infolding  mem- 
brane. These  organs  are  further  steadied  in  their 
position  by  numerous,  soft,  tubercular  nodules,  similar 
to  those  associated  with  the  genitalia  in  Styela,  which 
stud  both  sides  of  the  mantle  at  the  lower  extremity. 
The  largest  of  these  somewhat  enigmatical  bodies  are 
found  at  the  bottom  of  the  pallial  chamber,  but  they 
extend  some  little  way  upwards,  diminishing  in  size 
and  number. 

The  biliary  duct  (PI.  XLVII,  fig.  1),  which  is  single 
in  this  form,  lies  in  a  fold  of  the  lining  membrane, 
similar  to  that  in  Styela  ;  it  passes  from  the  intestine 
to  the  right  side  of  the  pyloric  end  of  the  stomach. 
Before  terminating,  the  duct  receives  a  twig  or  two 
from  the  surface  of  the  stomach,  so  that,  in  this  genus, 
the  liver  is  apparently  not  confined  to  the  intestine, 
but  is  also  partially  spread  over  the  stomach.  The 
ultimate  twigs  divide  dichotomously  with  considerable 
regularity ;  they  are  occasionally  enlarged  so  as  to 


144  BRITISH    TITNICATA. 

form  elongated  ampullae,  particularly  at  the  points  of 
division,  and  they  terminate  in  round  or  ovate  vesicles, 
which  are  very  numerous,  and  form  a  distinct,  opaque, 
yellow  layer  next  to  the  surface  of  the  intestine  and 
stomach.  The  ducts  and  twigs  are  more  superficial. 

The  reproductive  system  (PL  XLVII,  figs.  1-3,  6, 
and  7)  exhibits  a  bilateral  symmetry,  as  is  the  case 
with  many  of  the  GyntJiiadse.  The  ovaries  are  in 
Pdonaia  corrugata  divided  into  two  portions  which 
are  attached  respectively  to  the  right  and  left  sides  of 
the  pallial  chamber,  having  the  branchial  sac  between 
them,  and  the  chief  portion  of  the  digestive  organs 
behind.  They  lie  between  the  mantle  and  the  lining 
membrane,  projecting  in  bold  relief  from  the  surface. 
Each  is  composed  of  both  male  and  female  parts  ;  the 
latter,  being  much  elongated  and  tubular,  are  bent, 
forming  two  wide  loops  that  are  turned  downwards, 
the  forks  or  limbs  of  which  are  of  unequal  length  and 
directed  upwards.  The  shorter  limbs,  which  lie  right 
and  left  of  the  endostyle,  terminate  in  blind  sacs ;  the 
longer  limbs  extend  upwards,  and,  having  the  rectal 
portion  of  the  intestine  between  them,  terminate,  far 
in  advance  of  the  anus,  in  short,  slender  oviducts,  one 
on  each  side  of,  but  considerably  above,  the  anus ;  the 
extremities  of  the  oviducts  become  free,  and,  projecting 
from  the  pallial  wall,  open  into  the  cloaca. 

The  two  lengthened  ovigerous  organs  are  fringed 
on  either  side  with  numerous,  elongated,  simple,  or 
lobed  vesicles  composing  the  testis  (PI.  XLVII,  figs.  6 
and  7),  which  are  placed  with  one  end  in  contact  with 
the  sides  of  the  ovaries,  and  are  arranged  in  parallel 
order  at  right  angles  to  them.  From  the  proximal 
extremities  of  the  vesicles  extremelv  delicate  ducts 

c/ 

pass  across  the  surface  of  the  ovary  to  which  they  are 
attached,  and  go,  frequently  united  in  pairs,  to  join 
the  vas  deferens,  which  extends  along  the  middle  line 
from  end  to  end  of  each  ovigerous  organ,  and,  advanc- 
ing along  the  oviduct,  terminates  at  the  extremity  of 
that  tube. 


PELONAIA.  145 

These  compound  generative  organs  have  a  very 
peculiar  appearance,  011  account  of  their  remarkable 
form  and  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of  their 

v  O 

parts,  enhanced  by  their  colour;  the  tubular  ovaries 
being  of  a  bright  yellow-ochre  colour,  and  the  fringing, 
male  vesicles,  almost  white. 

1.  Pelonaia  corrugata  Forbes  &  Goodsir. 

(PI.  XLVI,  figs.  15  and  1(3  ;  PI.  XL VII ;  PI.  XLVIII, 

fig.  18;  and  figs.  81  and. 82  in  text.) 

Pelonaia  comi.yata  FOEBES  &  GOODSIR  [in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc. 
for  1840  (1841),  Sect.  p.  138,  and]  in  Edinb.  new  Philos. 
Journ.  XXXI  [(1841),  p.  30,  pi.  i,  f.  1]  ;  FORBES  & 
HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  43,  pi.  E,  f.  4;  ALDER  & 
HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,  I  [1848], 
p.  195;  [ALDER  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat.  Field  Club,  I 
(1850),  p.  365  ;  COCKS  in  Rep'  E.  Cornw.  Polyt.  Soc.  1849 
(1850),  p.  72;  NORMAN  in  Zoologist,  XV  (1857),  p.  5708; 
H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent.  Moll.  II  (1858),  pi.  cxxxiii, 
f.  4;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861),  p.  121  ;  ALDER 
in  Nat.  Hist,  Trans.  Northumb.  Durh.  I  (1865),  p.  11; 
MclNTOSH  in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist.  (3)  XIX  (1867),  p.  414  ;  in 
Rep.  Brit,  Assoc,  for  1866  (1867),  Sect.  p.  76  ;  and  op.  cit. 
for  1867  (1868),  p.  92  ;  NORMAN  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for 
1868  (1869),  p.  302;  M.  &  G.  0.  SARS  Christianiafjord. 
Fauna,  pt.  2  (1870),  p.  102]. 

Ascidia  rillosa  DALYELL  Rare  Anim.  Scotl.  II  [1848] ,  p.  141 . 

?  Pelonaia  arenifera  STIMPSON  [in  Proc.  Boston  Soc,  Nat. 
Hist.  IV  (1851),  p.  49]. 

?  Pelonaia  rillosa  SARS  in  Forli.  Vid.-Selsk.  Christ.  1858 
[(1859),  p.  66]. 

[Pelonaia  rugosa  BEONN  Thier-Reichs,  III,  1  (1861),  pi.  xiii, 
f.  19.] 

Body  much  elongated,  vermiform  or  flask-shaped, 
tapering  upwards,  broader  and  more  rounded  below, 
and  terminating  posteriorly  in  an  obtuse  point. 
Apertures  closely  approximated  at  the  upper  end,  on 
small  conical  papillose  tubes,  with  a  red  margin.  Test 
(PI.  XLVI,  fig.  15)  deep  brown,  opaque,  strongly  cor- 
rugated transversely,  hispid  and  smoother  at  the  lower 
end;  usually  covered  with  grains  of  sand.  Mantle 

ii  10 


146  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

rather  thin,  semitransparent,  orange-coloured.  Ten- 
tacular filaments  small,  short,  and  slightly  obtuse. 
Branchial  sac  (PI.  XLVI,  fig.  16,  and  fig.  81  in  text) 
with  rather  distant  rows  of  elliptical  stomata. 

Lena t]/  [two  and  a  half  inches]. 

Hal). — Deep  water  [in  the  mud-filled  cavities  of  old 
shells]. 

ENGLAND. — [Berwick  (Johnston)  ;]  Cullercoats,  from 
the  fishino'-boats,  rare  ( A Ider,  1 848) ;  Nortkumb.  Sea- 
ham  Harbour  (Hodge)  ;  [Whitburn  (Alder,  1850);] 
Durham.  [Falmouth,  Cornwall  ;  in  trawl  refuse 
(Cocks,  1849).] 

SCOTLAND. — [Anstruther  (Forbes  $•  Goodsir,  1840) ; 
St.  Andrews  (Mcliitoth,  1866) ;  Fife.]  Firth  of  Forth 
(Dalijdl,  1848).  [Off  Shell  Bay,  Cumbrae,  Firth  of 
Clyde,  in  6  to  15  fathoms  (Norman,  1857).  Island  of 
Balta,  Shetland  (Nornmn,  1868).] 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Goodsir  (1840) ;  coll.  Goodsir. 

Forbes  and  Goodsir  do  not  notice  the  villose  surface 
of  this  species,  by  means  of  which  it  is  generally  more 
or  less  covered  with  fine  sand  or  mud.  The  P.  villvxn 
of  Sars,  separated  from  it  on  account  of  this  character, 
is,  we  have  no  doubt,  the  same  species,  as  is  also  pro- 
bably the  P.  arenifera  of  Stimpson.  Its  range  there- 
fore appears  to  extend  to  Finmark  in  the  Arctic  seas, 
and  to  Massachusetts  Bay  in  North  America. 

2.  Pelonaia  glabra  Forbes  &  Goodsir. 
(Figs.  83  and  84.) 

Pelonaia  glabra  FORBES  &  GOODSIE  [in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for 
1840  (1841),  Sect.  p.  128,  and]  in  Edinb.  new  Philos. 
Journ.  XXXI  [1841],  p. 30,  pi.  i,  ff.  2,  3;  FORBES  &  HANLEY 
Brit,  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  43;  [COCKS  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw. 
Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  243;  RUPERT  JONES  in  Cycl. 
'  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1239,  f.  789 ;  FORBES  in  Rep. 
Brit.  Assoc,  for  1850  (1851),  p.  242  ;  NORMAN  in  Zoologist, 
XV  (1857),  p.  5708]. 

[Pelontea  <jlabra  WOODWARD  Mai).  Moll.  (1856),  p.  338,  pi. 
xxiv,  f.  3.] 


PELONAIA    GLABRA. 


147 


[Pelonaia  Isevis  BRONN  Tliier-Reichs,  III,  I  (1861),  pi.  xiii, 
ff.  20,  21.] 

Bod  11  "not  nearly  so  much  elongated  as  the  last. 
Test  greenish-yellow,  smooth,  pilose'  [Forbes  fy  GooJ- 
.*//•].  Thin  and  diaphanous  like  parchment. 

Hob.  -  -  Seven  fathoms  water,  in  mud  (Goodsir}. 
[Nine  fathoms  (Forbes). ~\ 

ENGLAND. — [Helford  River,  Falmouth,  Cornwall,  in 
trawl  refuse  (Cocks,  1849).] 

SCOTLAND.— [Firth  of  Clyde  (Forbes,  1850;  Norman, 
1857).]  Rothsay  Bay,  Bute  (Goodsir,  1840). 

First  record. — -'Forbes  &  Goodsir  (1840)  ;  coll.  Good- 
sir. 


FIG.  82. 


FIG.  83. 


FIG.  82. — Pelonaia  corrugata.  FIG.  83. — Pelonaia  glabra.  Both  natural 
size,  a,  Oral  orifice  [branchial]  ;  b,  anal  orifice  [atrial].  FIG.  84.— 
Anatomy  of  P.  glabra ;  three  times  natviral  size.  "  a,  a  bristle  in- 
serted into  the  respiratory  sac  through  the  oral  orifice ;  b,  a  bristle 
inserted  in  the  mantle-cavity  through  the  anal  orifice  of  the  test ;  c, 
ganglion  with  the  nerves  proceeding  from  it ;  d,  the  shelf  or  trans- 
verse ridge  in  the  interior  of  the  test  and  mantle  ;  e,  branchial  vein 
inclosed  in  a  serpentine  band  .  .  .  ;  f,  branchial  artery  ;  g,  generative 
organ  of  the  left  side,  with  a  bristle  inserted  into  its  duct ;  h,  the 
stomach ;  i,  anus ;  lik,  cut  edge  of  the  test."  (Forbes  Sf  Goodsir  in 
Edinb.  new  Philos.  Journ.  xxxi,  p.  34,  pi.  i,  ff.  1-3.) 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  in  the  characters 
above  given,  and  in  some  minute  anatomical  details 
pointed  out  by  Professor  Goodsir  in  his  excellent 
paper  on  the  anatomy  of  the  genus.  It  has  not  come 
under  our  observation. 


148  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


Family  4.  CLAVELINID.E. 

V 

Animal  more  or  less  clavate,  pedimculated  ;  attached 
at  the  base  and  united  into  groups  by  a  creeping  fibre 
or  connective  stolon.  Tunic  very  transparent.  Aper- 
tures with  or  without  rays.  Reproduction  by  ova  or  by 
buds  arising  from  the  stoloniferous  base. 

Grenus  11.  Clavelina    Savigny,  1809. 

[Ascidia  (pars)  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Danica,  II  (1788),  p.  54.] 
Clavelina  SAVIGNY  [in  Descr.  Egypt,  Hist.  Nat.  I  (1809), 
pt.  2,  p.  46,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert,  pt,  2  (1816), 
p.  171;  FLEMING  Brit.  Anim.  [1828],  p.  468;  MILNE 
EDWARDS  Ohs.  Ascidies  comp.  [in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  In>t. 
France,  XVIII  (1842)]  ,  p.  50;  FORBES  &  HANLEYBrit.  Moll. 

I  [1848],  p.  26 ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  [I  (1848),  p.  202  ;]  GOSSE  Man.  Marine  Zool. 

II  [1856],  p.  34;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent  Moll.  II 
[1858],  p.  593. 

Animal  elongated,  erect,  claviform,  consisting  of  a 
distinct  thorax  and  abdomen ;  attached  at  the  base, 
the  individuals  united  into  groups  by  tubular  root-like 
prolongations.  Apertures  circular,  terminal,  without 
segments  or  ocelli.  Test  smooth,  transparent,  scarcely 
adhering  to  the  body,  except  at  the  two  apertures. 
Mantle  membranous,  transparent,  the  thorax  usually 
marked  with  coloured  or  opaque  white  lines.  Tenta- 
cular filaments  linear.  Branchial  sac  without  folds,  the 
meshes  nearly  rectilinear  or  elliptic  oblong,  occupying 
the  upper  or  thoracic  portion  of  the  body,  the  peduncle 
or  abdominal  portion  containing  the  stomach  and 
reproductive  organs. 

The  organization  of  the  Glavelinde  has  been  given  in 
a  very  complete  manner  by  Milne  Edwards,  in  his 
admirable  memoir  on  the  Compound  Ascidians.  He 
had  the  advantage  of  making  his  observations  on  the 
living  organism,  a  valuable  privilege  which  we  have 
not  enjoyed ;  but  as  these  animals  retain  much  of  their 


CLAVELINA.  149 

transparency  when  preserved  in  spirit,  and  especially 
as  C.  lepadiformis  is  large  enough  for  successful  dis- 
section, considerable  information  may  be  acquired  from 
specimens  in  this  state. 

The  test  (PI.  XLIX,  fig.  1)  is  smooth,  perfectly 
hyaline,  thin,  semi-cartilaginous,  and  elastic;  it  adheres 
to  the  mantle,  but  can  be  removed  with  ease. 

The  mantle  is  diaphanous,  very  delicate,  and  mem- 
branous ;  it  is  not  very  muscular,  the  fibres  being  only 
feebly  developed.  A  few  longitudinal,  widely-separated 
fibres  are  observed  in  the  thoracic  portion ;  but  the 
longitudinal  contractions  would  seem  to  be  mainly 
dependent  on  two  rather  stout  bundles  of  fibres  which 
pass  from  the  thorax  to  near  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  abdomen,  in  the  wall  of  which  their  extremities  are 
inserted. 

In  this  form  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  distinct. 
In  the  former  the  branchial  sac  is  suspended ;  in  the 
latter  the  digestive  and  reproductive  organs  are 
lodged. 

The  branchial  sac  (PI.  L,  fig.  1)  nearly  fills  the 
thoracic  portion,  and  extends  the  full  length  of  the 
cavity,  leaving  on  each  side  the  atrial  spaces,  and  the 
cloaca  in  front.  The  aerating  surface  is  a  simple,  rect- 
angular network,  in  which  the  meshes  are  narrower  and 
longer  than  usual  (PL  XLIX,  fig.  2) ;  they  are  formed 
by  secondary  vessels  extending  vertically  between  the 
large  transverse  or  primary  channels,  of  which  there 
are  fourteen  or  fifteen  of  about  equal  size,  placed  at 
regular  intervals.  The  walls  of  those  vessels  give 
support  to  as  many  ribbon-like  membranes,  which 
reach  from  the  endostyle  to  the  oral  filaments,  and  are 
arranged  along  the  ventral  margin  occupying  the  place 
of  the  usual  oral  lamina.  The  free  margins  of  those 
ribbon-like  membranes  project  into  the  branchial  cavity 
and  appear  to  be  bounded  by  a  small  vessel,  the  surface 
of  which  seems  to  be  ciliated.  These  membranes  are 
undoubtedly  the  homologues  of  the  transverse  mem- 
branes in  connexion  with  the  branchial  papillae  in 


150  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

Ascidia  ;  but  in  Glavelina  there  are  no  longitudinal 
cords  to  interrupt  their  continuity. 

The  anterior  cord  in  connexion  with  the  upper  ex- 
tremity of  the  endostyle  is  well  developed ;  but  the 
posterior  cord  has  disappeared,  for  the  lower  end  of 
the  endostyle  reaches  the  margin  of  the  oral  orifice, 
and  thus  the  space  it  usually  occupies  is  obliterated. 
The  branchial  tubercle  is  small  and  circular,  but  more 
respecting  it  could  not  be  determined. 

The  oral  lamina,  as  above  stated,  is  replaced  in 
Clavelina  by  a  longitudinal  series  of  large  filamentous 
processes,  tapering  to  points,  and  with  their  bases 
widened  transversely  and  united  to  the  transverse 
branchial  membrane ;  there  are  as  many  processes  as 
laminae,  namely  fourteen  or  fifteen. 

There  are  two  circles  of  simple  tentacular  filaments 
a  little  within  the  entrance  of  the  inhalant  tube,  one  a 
short  way  above  the  other.  In  the  upper  circle  the 
tentacles  are  small  and  more  numerous  than  those  of 
the  lower  circle,  in  which  there  are  about  six  which 
are  very  superior  in  size  to  the  others. 

The  endostyle  is  largely  developed,  extending  the 
whole  length  of  the  branchial  sac,  and  being  united 
below  to  the  margin  of  the  mouth.  It  is  of  an  opaque 
yellow  colour,  is  firm,  and  wider  than  usual,  the  margin 
of  the  groove  being  thrown  more  backwards.  It  is 
composed  of  three  members,  a  broad  central  plate-like 
rod,  and  two  narrow  lateral  rods,  the  free  margins  of 
which  are  delicate  and  membranous.  The  central  rod 
exhibits  a  median  line  as  if  it  were  composed  of  two 
longitudinal  elements . 

The  heart  lies  at  the  left  side  of  the  intestinal  loop ; 
and,  according  to  Milne  Edwards,  is  lodged  within  a 
delicate  pericardium.  It  is  tubular  and  is  bent  upon 
itself.  The  branchial  suspenders  are  as  well  developed 
and  as  numerous  as  usual. 

The  mouth  is  a  large  rounded  orifice  opening  into 
the  bottom  of  the  branchial  sac  at  an  angle  inclined 
backwards.  From  this  point  the  oesophagus  descends 


CLAVEL1NA.  151 

in  a  straight  line  as  a  wide  equal  tube,  retaining  its 
diameter  until  it  reaches  the  upper  or  cardiac  end  of 
the  stomach,  when  it  suddenly  contracts  and  becomes 
united  to  that  viscus.  The  stomach  is  rounded  and 
somewhat  elongated,  and  is  considerably  wider  than 
the  rest  of  the  alimentary  tube,  hanging,  as  it  were, 
from  the  oesophagus  towards  the  ventral  wall  of  the 
abdominal  chamber.  It  is  of  a  full  yellow  colour,  with 
firm  Avails  which  are  divided  externally  into  three  or 

(/ 

four  longitudinal  facets  by  as  many  pale,  ridge-like 
septse.  The  intestine  leaves  the  lower  end  of  the 
stomach,  and,  dropping  downwards,  is  almost  imme- 
diately constricted ;  it  then  widens  again,  and  on 
approaching  the  bottom  of  the  chamber  once  more 
suddenly  contracts,  and  then,  as  suddenly  regaining- 
its  former  calibre,  turns  towards  the  dorsal  margin, 
ascends  on  this  side  of  the  stomach,  crosses  on  the 
right  of  the  oesophagus,  and  terminates  in  the  anal 
orifice  within  the  base  of  the  cloaca  a  little  above  the 
level  of  the  mouth. 

The  alimentary  tube  does  not  lie  free  in  the  abdo- 
minal chamber;  but  it  is  adherent  to  the  wall  appa- 
rently by  a  fold  of  the  lining  membrane,  the  oesophagus, 
stomach,  and  intestine  being  bound  as  it  were  in  a 
peritoneal  sac. 

In  this  genus  there  is  only  one  hepatic  duct ;  it  is  a 
short,  narrow  tube,  which  passes  from  the  intestine  a 
little  above  the  loop,  and  carries  the  biliary  secretion 
into  the  dorsal  side  of  the  intestine  immediately  below 
the  stomach.  The  branches  of  the  duct  ramify  over 
the  intestinal  tube,  dividing  dichotomously,  and  ending 
in  comparatively-large  oval  vesicles,  which  are  scat- 
tered over  the  surface  of  the  intestine  from  a  little 
above  the  loop  to  a  short  way  in  advance  of  the  level 
of  the  upper  extremity  of  the  stomach. 

The  nervous  system  is  not  conspicuously  developed. 
A  small  ganglion  can  be  observed  in  the  usual  situation 
between  the  two  respiratory  tubes.  The  nerves  have 
not  been  traced. 


152  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

The  genitalia  are  placed  in  the  loop  of  the  intestine 
near  to  the  lower  extremity  of  the  abdominal  cavity, 
the  ovary  appearing  on  the  right  of  the  alimentary 
tube,  the  testis  being  spread  over  both  sides  of  it. 
The  ovary  is  a  rather  conspicuous  organ  in  the  form 
of  a  bunch  of  grapes,  in  which  the  berries  are  of  various 
sizes.  The  oviduct  or  central  support,  like  the  stem 
of  the  fruit,  is  seen  in  the  midst  of  the  ova;  but  how 
the  eggs  find  their  way  to  the  atrium,  where  they 
appear  to  be  incubated,  is  not  known. 

The  testis  is  a  much-branched  organ,  the  ramifica- 
tions are  extremely  fine,  and,  dividing  dichotomously, 
terminate  in  numerous,  elongated,  fusiform  vesicles 
which  are  united  in  pairs ;  or  in  other  words  the 
ultimate  twigs  may  be  said  to  bifurcate,  each  branch 
being  immediately  enlarged  so  as  to  form  an  elongated 
ca3cal  vesicle.  The  vas  deferens  originating  in  this 
organ  is  sufficiently  conspicuous;  passing  up  by  the 
right  side  of  the  alimentary  tube,  it  penetrates  the 
lower  wall  of  the  cloaca,  and  terminates  by  the  side  of 
the  anal  outlet. 

1.  Clavelina  lepadiformis     (0.  F.  Miiller)  Savigny. 
(Plate  XLIX,  figs.  1  and  2  ;  PI.  L.) 

AscliUa  lepadiformis  0.  F.  MULLER  Zool.  Dan.  Prodr.  [1776], 
p.  226,  no.  '2738;  [Zool.  Dan.  Icon.  II  (1780),  pi.  Ixxix, 
f.  5;  Zool.  Dan.  Descr.  II  (1784),  p.  119;  and]  Zool. 
Danica,  II  [1788],  p.  54,  pi.  Ixxix,  f.  5  ;  BEUGUIEEE  Hist. 
Nat.  Vers  [I  (1789),]  p.  151,  in  Encycl.  Metli. ;  [BoEY 
DE  ST.  VINCENT  Yers,  etc.  (1791),  p.  1H5,  pi.  clxiii,  f.  10, 
in  Tabl.  Encycl.  Meth. ;  GMELIN  Linna?i  Syst.  Nat.  eel.  13, 
I,  pt.  6  (1791),  p.  3126;  Bosc  Hist.  Nat,  Vers  (1802), 
p.  "106;  TUETON  Gen.  Syst.  Nat.  IV  (1802),  p.  95;] 
LAMAECK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert  [ed.  1,  III  (1816), 
p.  126,  and]  eel.  2,  III  [1840],  p.  533;  [STARK  Elem.  Nat. 
Hist.  II  (1828),  p.  117;  (?)  SCHULTZE  in  Zeits.  f.  wiss. 
Zool.  II,  2  (1862),  p.  178]. 

Awidia  gelatina  EATHKE  in  Miiller's  Zool.  Danica,  IV 
[1806],  p.  26,  pi.  cxliii.  (Non  \_A*cidia,  gelatinosa] 
LINNJEUS  [Syst.  Nat,  ed.  12,  I,  pt.  2  (1767),  p.  1087].) 


CLAVELINA    LEPADIFORMIS.  153 

Clavelina  lepadiformis  SAVIGNY  [in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Nat. 
I  (1809),  pt.  2,  p.  46  ;  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  pt.  2 
[1816],  pp.  110,  174,  (?)  237  ;  FLEMING  [in  Edinb.  Encyd. 
XIV,  pt.  2  (1820),  p.  631;]  Brit.  Anim.  [1828],  p.  468; 
[and  Moll.  Anim.  (1837),  p.  202,  pi.  xvi,  f.  57;  THOMPSON 
in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  (1)  V  (1840),  p.  95  j]  MILNE  EDWARDS 
Obs.  Ascidies  Comp.  [in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Inst.  France, 
XVIII  (1842),]  p.  266,  pi.  i,  f.  1,  pi.  ii,  f.  1;  [DESHAYES 
Moll,  in  Cnvier's  Regne  Anim.  (1836-49),  pi.  cxxvii, 
ff.  2,  2a;]  Forbes  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848],  p.  26., 
pi.  E,  if.  la,  Ib  ;  ALDER  &  HANCOCK  in  Trans.  Tyneside  Nat. 
Field  Club,  I  [1848],  p.  202  ;  [Cocxs  in  Rep.  R,  Cornw. 
Polyt.  Soc.  1849  (1850),  p.  73;  RUPERT  JONES  in  Cycl.  Anat. 
IV,  pt.  40  (1850),  p.  1 196  ;  CARUS  in  Proc.  Ashmol.  Soc.  II 
(1851),  p.  267 ;]  GOSSE  [Man.  Marine  Zool.  II  (1856),  p.  34, 
f.  52,  and]  Tenby  [1856],  pp.  63,  162,  pis.  v,  vi ;  [HOEVEN 
Handb.  Zool.  II  (1856),  p.  706;]  THOMPSON  Nat.  Hist. 
Ireland,  IV  [1856],  p.  361;  [WOODWARD  Man.  Moll. 
(1856),  p.  339,  pi.  xxix,  f.  6;  HUXLEY  in  Carus'  Icon. 
Zootom.  I  (1857),  pi.  xviii,  ff.  17,  18;  NORMAN  in  Zoolo- 
gist, XV  (1857),  p.  5707 ;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent 
Moll.  II  (1858),  pi.  cxxxiii,  f.  7  ;  CHENU  Encycl.  Hist. 
Nat.,  Moll.,  etc.  (1858),  p.  246;  DICKIE  in  Rep.  Brit. 
Assoc.  -for  1857  (1858),  pp.  105,  111 ;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs, 
III,  1  (1861),  p.  128,  etc.,  pi.  xii,  ff.  11,  21;  pi.  xv, 
if.  22-29;  ANSTED  &  LATHAM  Channel  Isl.  (1862),  p.  219; 
ALDER  in  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  Durli.  I  (1865), 
p.  11,  and  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208; 
NORMAN  in  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1868  (1869),  p.  303]. 

Body  elongate,  hyaline,  the  thoracic  portion  enlarged 
and  forming  about  a  third  (or  sometimes  nearly  one 
half)  of  the  whole  animal ;  marked  with  yellow  or 

v 

opaque  white  lines ;  two  longitudinal,  and  two  less 
conspicuous  circular  ones,  circumscribing  the  branchial 
sac.  Apertures  not  far  apart,  the  branchial  terminal 
and  largest,  the  atrial  slightly  to  one  side,  both  with 
even  rims,  and  occasionally  margined  with  an  opaque 
line.  Test  and  mantle  perfectly  transparent  and  colour- 
less, showing  the  viscera  through ;  the  stomach  appear- 
ing as  a  bilobed  orange  mass  with  white  lines,  half  way 
down  the  peduncle.  Branchial  sac  with  twelve  or 
fourteen  rows  of  elliptic  oblong  meshes. 


154  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

Length  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  one  inch. 
Generally  associated  in  clusters  united  by  a  stoloni- 
ferous  base. 

Hub. — On  rocks,  stones,  etc.,  at  and  beyond  low 
water-mark,  on  most  parts  of  our  coasts,  more  especi- 
ally in  the  south  and  w^est. 

ENGLAND. --[(?)    English   Coast    (Savigny,    1816).] 
Whitley,  Northumb.  (Han-cock).    Torbay  and  Salcombe, 
Devon  (Hincks,  and  Alder) .    [Gwyllyn-vase,  Pennaiice, . 
etc.,  Falmouth   (Cocks,    1849) ;   and]   Fowey  Harbour 
(Peach)  ;  Cornwall.     [Scilly  Isles  (Gams,  1850).] 

SCOTLAND. — Oban,  Argyll ;  Lamlash,  Arran  ;  and 
Bute  (Alder).  [Kirkwall  Bay,  Orkney  (Fleming,  1828). 
Lamlash  Bay  and  Rothesay  Bay  (Norman,  1857).] 
Shetland  (Jeffreys).  [One  mile  east  of  Whalsey  Light- 
house, Shetland,  1861  (Noiinan,  1868).] 

IRELAND. -- Strangford  Lough,  Down  (Thompson, 
1840).  Connemara,  Galway  (Forbes,  1848). 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  and  Herm  (Alder). 

First  record. — [(?)  Savigny,  1816;  coll.  Leach;  or 
Fleming,  1828.] 

2.  Clavelina  producta  Milne  Edwards. 

Clavelina  producta  MILNE  EDWARDS  Obs.  Ascidies  comp.  [in 
Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Inst.  France  (1841),  p.  278,]  pi.  i,  f.  2, 
and  pi.  ii,  f.  3 ;  RUPERT  JONES  in  Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt.  40 
(1850),  p.  1188,  f.  768]. 

Body  much  elongated,  slender,  transparent  ;  the 
thorax  short,  and  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  without 
perceptible  opaque  lines.  Branchial  sac  with  only 
three  rows  of  meshes.  Abdominal  portion  of  peduncle 
very  long,  four  or  five  times  the  length  of  the  thorax; 
the  stomach  appearing  of  a  yellow  colour  near  the  base. 

Length  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

H ab. — Rock  pools  (Gosse). 

WALES. — St.  Catherine's  Island,  Tenby,  Pembroke 
(Gosse). 

First  record. — Gosse,  1856. 


CLAVE LINA    CORRUGATA.  155 

3.  Clavelina  corrugata     sp.  uoi\ 
(Plate  XLIX,  fig.  3.) 

Body  cylindrical,  slightly  spelling  in  the  thoracic 
portion,  which  forms  about  a  third  of  the  whole  length. 
Thorax  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  the  opaque  lines  of  a 
pinkish  colour,  the  dorsal  one  much  curved.  Test 
sub-diaphanous,  colourless,  strongly  corrugated  with 
irregular  transverse  wrinkles.  Branchial  sac  with 
fourteen  or  fifteen  rows  of  meshes.  Peduncle  rather 
thick. 

Length  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Halt.  —  Low  water-mark,  on  stones  (Alder). 

ENGLAND.- -Torbay  (Alder),  and  Ilfracombe  (HincJcs), 
Devon. 
First  record. — Alder  &  Hancock. 


Genus  12.  PEROPHGRA    Wiegmann,  1835. 

[Ascidia  LISTER  in  Phil.  Trans.  1834,  p.  378.] 
Perophora  WIEGMANN  Archiv  f .  Naturgesch.  1835  [I.  p.  309J ; 
FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.   Moll.  I    [1848],  p.   28;    GOSSE 
Man.  Marine  Zool.  II    [1856],  p.  35;  WOODWARD  Man. 
Moll.  [1856],  p.  341. 

Animal  orbicular  or  sub-quadrate,  compressed  at 
the  sides  and  united  by  a  short  peduncle  to  a  creeping, 
tubular  fibre,  common  to  several  individuals ;  without 
opaque  white  or  coloured  lines.  Test  united  to  mantle. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  not  distinct,  the  intestine  being- 
placed  at  the  right  side  of  the  branchial  sac.  Aper- 
tures plain  or  indistinctly  divided  into  four  segments ; 
without  ocelli. 

We  have  never  had  an  opportunity  of  examining 
this  interesting  form  in  a  living  state ;  but  as  in  pre- 
served specimens  its  transparency  is  scarcely  at  all 
impaired,  it  is  not  difficult  to  investigate  its  internal 
organization  by  transmitted  light,  even  in  this  state, 
with  the  exception  of  the  circulatory  apparatus,  which 


156 


BRITISH    TUNICATA. 


can  only  be  determined,  in  so  minute  a  creature,  in 
living  specimens.  The  blood- system,  however,  in  the 
living  Perophora,  has  been  very  carefully  observed  by 
Dr.  Lister  and  ably  described  by  that  physiologist,  in 
his  excellent  memoir  published  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions,'  where  the  author  has  given  a  full 
account  of  the  circulation  in  this  animal. 

The    test    is    thin,    elastic,    smooth,    and    perfectly 
hyaline,  and  is  united  to  the  mantle  throughout.     The 


FIG.  85. 


FIG.  86. 


FIGS.  85  AND  86. — Perophora  Listen.     85,  right  side;  86,  left  side.     Twenty 

times  natural  size. 

latter  is  exceedingly  delicate  and  transparent,  with  a 
few  muscular  fibres  arranged  longitudinally  and  diago- 
nally in  a  scattered  manner ;  they  extend  from  the 
upper  margin,  in  the  region  of  the  respiratory  tubes 
011  both  sides  of  the  mantle,  to  about  half  way  down. 

The  branchial  sac  is  of  a  sub-quadrate  form,  and  is 
almost  co-extensive  with  the  pallial  chamber.  The 
meshes  are  rectilinear ;  there  are  only  three  transverse 
primary  vessels,  consequently  only  four  rows  of  meshes 
or  stigmata,  which  are  proportionately  large.  The 


PEEOPHOEA.  157 

external  surface  of  the  primary  vessels  exhibits  a  few 
dots,  probably  indicative  of  the  branchial  suspenders, 
and  there  is  some  appearance  of  transverse  ribbon- 
like  membranes,  similar  to  those  in  Glavelina,  project- 
ing: into  the  cavity  of  the  or°'an,  from  these  same 

O  (/  O 

vessels. 

The  endostyle  is  broad,  with  the  ends  obtuse.  It 
extends  some  way  above  the  upper  margin  of  the  bran- 
chial sac,  and  it  reaches  below  to  the  bottom  of  this 
organ,  the  posterior  end  being  a  little  bent  forward  or 
inward.  The  anterior  cord  is  wider  than  usual. 

[Dr.  Lister  states  that  the  heart  is  placed  "  near  the 
bottom  of  the  branchial  sac  on  the  left  side  (fig.  86), 
and  consists  of  a  transparent  ventricle  .  .  .  running- 
forward  and  a  little  sloping  downward  in  a  channel 
hollowed  to  contain  it."]  The  two  vessels  proceeding 
from  the  heart  to  the  stoloniferous  stem  are  easily 
observed  in  their  course  through  the  peduncle.  They 
are  seen  as  if  originating  in  the  great  dorsal,  branchial 
channel,  though  undoubtedly  only  one  of  them  so 
originates. 

The  digestive  organs  are  placed  for  the  most  part 
on  the  right  side  (fig.  85)  of  the  branchial  sac,  the 
oesophagus  and  much  of  the  stomach,  however,  lie 
below  it  at  the  bottom  of  the  pallial  chamber. 

The  mouth  opens  through  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  branchial  sac,  close  to  the  ventral  margin.  The 
oesophagus,  which  is  a  narrow  tube  of  some  length, 
dips  downwards  and  backwards  in  an  even  curve  to 
its  union  with  the  ventral  end  of  the  stomach.  This 
latter  viscus  is  an  ovate  bulb,  lying  transversely  at  the 
bottom  of  the  pallial  chamber,  the  narrow  or  dorsal 
extremity  of  which  graduates  into  the  intestine. 

The  intestine  is  wide,  and  passes  backwards  as  far 
as  the  endostyle,  and  then,  arching  upwards,  shortly 
turns  towards  the  ventral  side,  at  this  point  being 
somewhat  enlarged;  dipping  downwards  and  forwards 
it  ascends  a  little  to  reach  the  cloaca,  where  it  termi- 
nates in  a  rather  wide  anal  orifice.  The  intestinal 


158  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

tube  therefore  forms  an  open  transverse  loop,  and  that 
which  may  be  termed  the  rectal  portion  assumes  a 
regular  sigmoidal  curve. 

The  liver  is  composed  of  numerous,  large,  oval 
vesicles,  scattered  over  the  rectal  portion  of  the  intes- 
tine. The  minute  twigs  of  the  duct  divide  dicho- 
tomously,  and  terminate  in  the  vesicles,  the  points  of 
division  being  usually  enlarged  into  ampullae.  The 
twigs  unite  and  go  to  form  a  slender,  short  duct, 
which  passes  from  the  intestine  to  the  right  side  of 
the  stomach  at  the  pyloric  extremity,  where  the 
hepatic  fluid  is  mingled  with  the  nutritive  matters. 

The  reproductive  organs  are  situated  within  the 
loop  of  the  intestine,  but  their  structure  has  not  been 
determined.  The  eggs,  however,  are  apparently  incu- 
bated in  the  atrium  at  the  sides  of  the  branchial  sac, 
as  we  have  seen  the  incipient  tadpole  larvae  in  this 
position. 


1.  Perophora  Listeri  [Forbes  &  Hanley].* 
(Figs.  85  &  86.) 

Ascidia  LISTER  in  Phil.  Trans.  1834,  p.  378,  pi.  xi;  [FLEMING 
Moll.  Anim.  (1837),  p.  202,  pi.  xvii,  f.  59]. 

Peroplwra WIEGMANN  Archiv  f.  Xaturgescli.  1835  [I,  p.  309] . 

Perophora  Litteri  FORBES  &  HANLEY  Brit.  Moll.  I  [1848], 
p.  28,  pi.  E,  ff.  2a,  2b  ;  [Cocxs  in  Rep.  R.  Cornw.  Polyt. 
Soc,  1849  (1850),  p.  73;  HUXLEY  in  Cams'  Icon.  Zootom. 

I  (1851),  pi.  xviii,  ff.  20,  21 ;]  GOSSE  Nat.  Rambles  Devon. 
Coast  [1853],  p.  241,  pi.  xv,  if.   1,  2;    [HOEVEN  Handb. 
Zool.  II    (1856),  p.  706;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  (1856), 
p.  340,  pi.  xxvii,  f.  7  ;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent  Moll. 

II  (1858),  pi.  cxxxiii,  f.  8;  OWEN  in  Encycl.  Brit,  ed.  8, 
XV  (1858),  p.  332,  f.  15  on  p.  321  ;  BRONN  Thier-Reichs, 
III,  1  (1861),  pi.  xvi,  ff.  8-15]. 

*  Forbes  &  Hanley  (loc.  cit.  infra}  and  subsequent  writers  refer  this 
species  to  Wiegniann,  but  in  his  notice  of  Dr.  Lister's  paper  he  only  gave  the 
name  Perophora  to  the  genus.  The  authors  of  this  monograph  leave  the 
authority  for  the  specific  name  blank  here,  but  give  it  as  Wiegniann  in 
their  synonymy,  apparently  having  suspected  that  he  was  not  the  author 
of  it. 


PEEOPHORA    LI  STEEL  159 

Bod)/  sub-orbicular,  vitreous,  transparent,  white 
with  orange  and  brown  specks  from  the  viscera  showing 
through.  Apertures  large.  Tentacular  filaments  short, 
uneven.  Branchial  sac  with  four  rows  of  elliptical 
stigmata.  Oral  lamina  with  filaments. 

D 

Diameter  not  quite  one-tenth  of  an  inch. 
Hab. — Adhering  to  Confervas  and  sea-weeds. 

o 

ENGLAND. — Not  uncommon  on  the  South  Coast. 
Brighton,  Sussex,  on  Conferva  \_Polysiphonia~\  elongata 
(Lister,  1834).  Ilfracombe,  Devon  (Gosse ;  Hiuclcs). 
[Grwyllynvase,  Swanpool,  etc.,  Falmouth,  Cornwall, 
attached  to  the  fronds  of  Fucus  serratus,  etc.  (Cocks, 
1849).] 

WALES. — Coast  of  Anglesey,  adhering  to  sea-weed ; 
dredged,  1843  (Forbes  Sf  Me  Andrew). 

IRELAND. — [En  the  Irish  Sea  (Forbes  $*  Hanlei/, 
1848).] 

First  record. — Lister,  1834  [;  coll.  1833]. 

Genus  13.  DIAZONA  Savigny,  1809. 

Dlazona  SAVIGNY  [in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Nat.  I  (1809), 
pt.  2,  p.  23,  and]  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  pt.  2  [1816], 
p.  174;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  [1856],  p.  342. 

Syntethys  FORBES  &  GOODSIR  in  Trans.  Royal  Soc.  Edinb. 
XX  (1851)  [pt,  2,  p.  307]  ;  FORBES  &  HANLE*  Brit.  Moll. 
IV  [1853],  p.  244;  WOODWARD  Man.  Moll.  [1856], 
p.  340  ;  GOSSE  Man.  Marine  Zool.  II  [1856],  p.  34. 

[Diazoma  LAMARCK  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  1,  III 
(1816),  p.  101.] 

General  mass  gelatinous,  sub-globose,  sessile,  attached. 
Individuals  much  elongated,  forming  a  single,  irregular, 
or  very  indistinctly-concentric  system ;  their  upper  or 
thoracic  portion  free,  the  lower  or  abdominal  enclosed 
in  the  general  mass.  Apertures  terminal,  and  6-lobed, 
the  branchial  the  larger;  without  ocelli.  Tentacular 
filaments  linear.  Branchial  sac  without  folds,  the 
intersections  of  the  meshes  papilla-ted.  Ovaries  in  the 
intestinal  loop. 


160  BRITISH    TUNICATA. 

1.  Diazona  hebridica  (Forbes  &  G-oodsir)  Alder.* 
(Plate  XLIX,  figs  4-6.) 

[Diazona  riolacea  SAVIGNY  in  Descr.  Egypt.,  Hist.  Nat.  I 

(1809),   pt,    2,   p.  23,  and  Mem.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  pt.   2 

(1816),   pp.   35,   61,   116,    175,  pi.   ii,  f.   3,  and  pi.  xii; 

FLEMING  in  Edinb.  Encycl.  XIV  (1820),  p.  631;  Philos. 

Zool.  II  (1822),  p.  512  ;  and  Moll.  Anim.  (1837),  p.  21.1  ; 

BICHVVALD  Zool.  Spec.  1  (1829),  p.  269;  DESHAYES  Moll. 

in  Cuvier's   Regne  Anim.    (1836-1849),  pi.    cxxxii,  f.  1 ; 

LECNIS    Synops.    Naturreicli,    I,    Zool.    (1844),    p.    412; 

RUPERT  JONES  in  Cyclop.  Anat.  IV,  pt,  40  (1850),  pp.  1191, 

1197,    f.   770;    HOEYEN  Handb.  Zool.  I  (1856),  p.  704; 

WOODWARD  Man.   Moll.    (1856),  p.  342,  pi.  xxiv,  f.  13; 

OWEN  in  Encycl.  Brit.  ed.  8,  XV  (1858),  p.  332;  BRONN 

Thier-Reichs,   III,   1    (1861),  p.   117,  pi.  xii,  f.   12,   and 

pi.  xiii,  f.  13.] 
[Diazoma   mediterranea   LAMARCK   Hist.  Nat.   Anim.    sans 

Vert.  ed.  1,  III  (1816),  p.  102;   STARK  Elem.  Nat.  Hist, 

II  (1828),  p.  120.] 
[Polyclinum  diazona  CUVIER  Regne  Anim.  ed.  1,  iv  (1817), 

pi.  xi,  f.  6;  ed.  2,  III  (1830),  pi.  xiv,  f.  6;  and  (transl.), 

Anim.  Kingd.  Ill  (1837),  pi.  x,  f.  6.] 
[Diazona  mediterranea  Risso  Hist.  Nat.  Europe  merid.  IV 

(1826),  p.  277;  DUJARDIN  in  Lamarck's  Hist.  Nat.  Anim. 

sans  Vert,  ed.  2,  III  (1840),  p.  499.] 
Syntethys  hebridicus  FORBES  &  GOODSIR  in  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 

Edinb.  XX  (1851)  [pt.  2,  p.  309,  pi.  ix.  f.  4a]  ;    [FORBES  in 

Brit.    Assoc.  Rep.  for  1850   (1851), 'p.  242;]   FORBES  & 

HANLET  Brit.  Moll.  IV  (1853),  p.  244;   [WOODWARD  Man. 

Moll.  (1856),  p.  340;  H.  &  A.  ADAMS  Gen.  Recent  Moll. 

II  (1858),  pi.  cxxxii,  ff.  9,  9aj. 
[Diazona  helridica  ALDER  in  Ansted's  Channel  Isl.   (1862), 

p.  219  ;  in  Ann.  Nat,  Hist.  (3)  XI  (1863),  p.  169;  and  in 

Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1866  (1867),  p.  208.] 

Common  l><txe  massive,  transparent,  greenish  white, 
broadly  cylindrical.  Individuals  rather  slender.  TJiorax 
elongated,  yellowish-green  with  a  circular  opaque 
white  line  above,  two  similar  longitudinal  lines  on  the 
ventral,  and  one  on  the  dorsal  aspect.  Apertures 
terminal,  tubular,  the  branchial  central,  the  atrial 

*  [That  this  is  Savigny's  Diazona  violacea  there  can  now  be  no  doubt.] 


DIAZONA   HEBRIDICA.  161 

slender  and  situated  a  little  to  one  side.  Mantle 
muscular,  highly  contractile.  Branchial  sac  with 
numerous  rows  of  oblong  meshes,  the  intersections 
with  large  papilla?.  Oral  lamina  with  long  filaments, 
broad  at  the  base  and  triangular.  Abdomen  reddish, 
enveloped  in  the  general  mass. 

Lenrjtli  of  individuals  about  two  inches.  Common 
mass  sometimes  six  inches  in  diameter. 

Hab. — 'Deep  water. 

ENGLAND. --The  Ascidian  got  by  Mr.  Couch  from 
deep  water  on  the  Cornish  coast,  and  exhibited  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Plymouth  [1841] 
probably  belongs  to  this  species. 

SCOTLAND. — Close  to  Croulin  Island,  near  Applecross, 
Ross,  dredged  in  30  fathoms  water  (Me Andrew}. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. — Guernsey  (Alder ;  Norman). 

First  record. — Forbes  &  Goodsir,  1850;  coll. 
McAndrew. 

That  the  Syntethys  hrlrtrfirus  of  Forbes  and  Goodsir 
is  really  a  Diazona,  will,  we  think,  be  obvious  to  any 
one  who  has  the  opportunity  of  carefully  investigating 
its  characters,  one  or  two  of  which  appear  to  have 
escaped  the  observation  of  those  distinguished  natu- 
ralists who  first  described  it.  The  division  of  the 
apertures  into  six  lobes  is  very  difficult  to  make  out, 
except  in  well-preserved  specimens,  and  the  elongated 
and  pedunculated  form  of  the  abdomen  is  a  character 
varying  exceedingly  according  to  the  degree  of  con- 
traction in  which  the  animal  is  seen. 

Mr.  Alder  was  so  fortunate  as  to  dredge  large  masses 
of  this  remarkable  Ascidian  at  Guernsey  in  1853,  and 
had  the  opportunity  of  examining  it  in  a  living  state, 
when  it  was  at  once  recognized  as  the  Si/ntethys  hebri- 
dicus  of  Forbes  and  Goodsir ;  but  on  placing  specimens 
in  spirits  the  pale  apple-green  colour  of  the  living 
animals  (PI.  XLIX,  fig.  5)  began  to  change  into  a 
delicate  violet,  and  the  whole  put  on  the  appearance 
of  the  Diazona  violacea  of  Savigny.  This  author, 

n  11 


162  BRITISH   1TNICATA. 

whose  anatomical  details  are  admirable,  has  failed  to 
give  a  good  general  representation  of  the  animal,  from 
having  had  access  only  to  spirit  specimens.  His 
generic  and  specific  names  are  in  consequence  some- 
what of  misnomers,  as  the  flattening  of  the  surface, 
from  the  individuals  fall  in  o-  from  the  centre  in  dying- 

o  tj         o ? 

gives  more  of  a  circular  arrangement  than  really  exists 
in  nature.  The  change  of  colour  has  already  been 
remarked  upon. 

The  question  arises,  therefore,  whether  the  Diazomi 
violacea  and  Syntethys  hebriclicus  are  not  one  and  the 
same  animal.  The  only  reason  which  induces  us  to 
keep  them  distinct  is  the  peculiar  [stout  and  obtuse] 
papillas  of  the  branchial  sac  (PI.  XLIX,  fig.  6),  so  very 
different  from  the  slender  pointed  ones  represented  by 
Savigny,  and  in  which  this  careful  observer  could 
scarcely  have  been  mistaken.  Professor  Groodsir  has 
kindly  supplied  us  with  a  portion  of  a  specimen  from 
the  original  habitat,  and  I  believe  now  coincides  in  the 
view  of  its  generic  relation  here  taken.  I  am  also 
indebted  for  specimens  to  Mr.  McAndrew. 

Its  vitreous  transparency,  and  the  opaque  white 
lines  of  the  thorax,  give  this  remarkable  species  very 
much  the  appearance  of  a  huge  group  of  Clavelinas 
cemented  together  at  the  base. 


163 


INDEX 

OF  SPECIES,  ETC.,  DESCEIBED  IN  VOL.  II. 
Synonyms  in  italics. 


PAGE 

Alcyonium  ascidioides  Pall.     .  138 

di'stomnm  Brug.  .     138 

Ascidia  L.       1,  18,  35,  75,  97,  128, 

139,  148,  155,  158 


ay  y  regain  Rathk.  . 
conchilega  Mull.  . 
/  corruyata  Miill.  . 
echinata  L.  . 

gelatina  Rathk.  . 
grossularia  Yan.  Ben. 


.  136 
.  41 
.  10 
.93 
.  152 
.  130 
9,  ?  15 

intestinalis  (L.)  Blainv.    .     14 

lepadiformis  Miill.  .  152 

mamillaris  Pall.    .  .  106 

ocellata  L.Ag.         .  .11 

opalina  Macg.       .  .     26 

parallelogramma  Miill.     .     25 

pulchella  Aid.        .  .     14 

rusticajun.  Miill.  .        129,  132 

sp.  Schalck  .     11 

villosa  Dalyl.         .  .  145 

virescens  Penu.      .  .     11 

Virginia  (Miill.)  F.  &  H.  .     26 

viridescens  Brug.  .  .     10 

Ascidiadse  (cont'd)        .  .       1 

Ascidium  ecliinatum  Woodw.  .     94 

Botryllus  varidlosus  Chiaje    .     138 

Gloria  (Sav.)  Flem.       .  .       1 

(Ascidia)  intestinalisFlein.    11 

fascicularis  Hanc.  .     15 

intestinalis  (L.)  Flem.       9,  11 

pulchella  Aid.        .  .     14 

Clavelina  Sav.  .  .  .148 

corrugata  sp.  nov.  .  155 

lepadiformis  (Miill.)  Sav.  152 

producta  M.  Edw.  .  154 

Clavelinadse      .  .  .  147 

Corella  A.  <t  H.  .     18 

larvseformis  Hanc.  28 


Corella  ovata  Hanc. 

parallelogramma 

Hanc.     .  . 

Cynthia  Sav.    75,  (as  syii.) 

aggregate  F.  &  H. 

ampulla  F.  &  H.  . 

claudicans  Sav.     . 

comata  Aid.  . 

coriacea  A.  &  H.   . 

echinata  (L.)  Aid. 

glacialis  Aid.          . 

ylomerata  Aid.       . 

granulate  Aid.       . 

grossularia  F.  &  H. 

humilis  Aid.  . 

informis  Forb.       . 

limacina  Forb.       . 

niainillaris  Schmidt 

mora  Dickie  . 

moreus  Cocks         . 

morus  Forb.  . 

opalina  Aid.  . 

ovata  sp.  niiv.         . 

pomaria  Sav.          . 

quadrangularis  Forb. 

rosea  Aid.  . 

rustica  F.  &  H. 

squanralosa  Aid.   . 

sulcatula  Aid.        . 

tessellata  Forb.      . 

tuberosa  Macg.      . 

vestite  Aid. 

violacea  Aid.          . 
Cynthiadse        .  . 

Cynthia?  Sty  else  Sav.    . 
Didzoma  Laruk.  . 

mediterranea  Lamk. 
Diazona  Sav.    .  . 

hebridica  (F.  &  G.)  Aid 


PAGE 

.  31 

25,  26 
97,  128 
.  136 
.  120 
.  78 
.  120 
.  109 

93,94 
.  122 
.  134 
.  115 
.  130 
.  116 
.  104 
.  92 
.  106 
.  86 
.  86 
.  86 
.  108 
.  84 

.  no 

.  105 
.  76 
.  130 
.  81 
.  113 
.  89 
.  103 
.  122 
.  125 
.  75 
.  97 
.  159 
.  160 
.  159 
.  160 


164 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Diazona  mediterranea  Risso  .  160 

violacea  Sav.  .  .  160 

Distoma  variolatus  Blainv.  .  138 

variolosum  Sav.  .  .  138 

Distomus  Gaertn.  .  .  97 

mamillaris  Gaertn.  .  106 

variolosus  Gaertu.  .  138 

Eugyra  A.  &  H.  .  .  65 

arenosa  A.  &  H.  .  .  70 

globosa  Hanc.  .  .  73 

Glandula  Stimps.         .  .     76 

Holothurium  leeve  Vancl.  .       9 

Molgiila  Forb.  35,  (as  syn.)  65 

arenosa  A.  &  H.  .  .  70 

citrina  A.  &  H.  .  .  62 

complaiiata  A.  &  H.  .  45 

conchilega  (Miill.)  .  41 

inconspicua  A.  &  H.  .  59 

ocelata  Cocks  .  .  48 

oculata  Forb.  .  .  48 

simplex  A.  &•  H.  .  .51 

siphonalis  Sars  .  .  53 

siphonata  Aid.  .  .  53 

socialis  Aid.  .  .  56 

tttbitJan's  Thomps.  .  70 

tubulosa  Forb.  .  .  70 

valvata  sp.  nov.  .  .  49 

Molgulidse         .             .  .34 

/  Pandocia  Flein.          .  .     76 

Pelonxa  Woodw.  .  139 

glabra  Woodw.  .  .  ]46 

Pelonaia  F.  &  G.  .  139 

/  arenifera  Stimps.  .  145 

corrugata  F.  &  G.  .  145 

glabra  F.  &  G.  .  .  146 

lie  vis  Bronn  .  .147 

rugosa  Bronn  .  .  145 

1  villosa  Sars  .  .  145 

Perophora  Weigm.  .  155.  158 

Listen  F.  &  H.  .  .  158 

PhaUusia  Sav..  .  18.  97.  12s 

intestinalis  Sav.  .  .  10 
main/Hart*  Loew.  &  Koll..  107 

rust  I  cit  Flein.  ,  130 


PAGE 
Phallusia      virginea      (Miill.) 

Murr.      .  .  .26 

Phallusite  Cionee  Sav.  .  .       1 

Polyclinum  diazona  Cuv.       .     160 

Polijzona  vai-tolosa  Flein.         .  138 

Sacanimal  Dicq.  .  .     10 

Sty  da  Menke    .  .  .97 

Styela  (Sav.)  McLeay  .  .     97 

comata  (Aid.)         .  .120 

coriacea  A.  &  H.  .  .  109 

depressa  sp.  nov.   .  .  126 

fibrillata  sp.  nov.  .  .  125 

granulata  Aid.      .  .  115 

humilis  sp.  nov.     .  .  116 

hit'ormis  (Forb.)     .  .  104 

mamillaris  (Gaertn.)          .  106 

nortliunibrica  sp.  nov.       .  127 

obscui-a  sp.  nov.         .         .  119 

opalina  (Aid.)  .  108 

pomaria  (Sav.)       .  .  110 

quadrangnlaris  (Forb.)     .  105 

sulcatula  (Aid.)     .  .  113 

tul>erosa  (Macg.)  .  .  103 

variabilis  sp.  nov.  .  .  117 

vestita  (Aid.)         .  .  122 

violacea  (Aid.)       .  .  125 

Styelopsis  Ti-aust.        .  .  128 

glomerata  (Aid.)   .  .  134 

grossularia     (Van     Ben.) 

Trau st.   .  .       129,  130 

lineata  sp.  nov.       .  .  133 

sphaerica  sp.  nov.  .  .  132 

Syntethys  F.  &  G.         .  .  159 

hebridicus  F.  &  G.  .  160 

Tethyumfasciculatum  Boliads.     15 

/  sociabile  Guiin.  .  .       9 

Thylacium  V.  Car  us    .  .  135 

; i n u-regatnm    (Ratlik.)    V. 

Cants.  .  .  136 

car.  maculatum  v.  nov. .  136 
Normani  Aid.        .  .  137 

Sylvaui  T".  Cants  .  .  137 

rar!r</nliiiii  ALL    .  .  138 

variolosum  (Gaertn.)         .  138 


PRINTED  BY  ADLARD  AND  SON.  LONDON  AND  DORKING. 


EXPLANATIONS   OF   THE  PLATES. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  LETTERING. 


a.  Anus. 

a.  c.  Alimentary  canal. 

at.  Atrial  aperture. 

It.  d.  Biliary  duct. 

l»\  Branchial  aperture. 

en.  Endostyle. 

7i.  Heart. 

/.  Liver. 

?/i o.  Mouth. 

od.  Oviduct. 

tf.  (Esophagus. 

r.  Reproductive  organs. 

s.  Stomach. 

ts.  Testis. 

v.  Ovary. 

v.  d.  Vas  deferens. 


Plate  21 


PLATE  XXI. 

FIGS. 

1—5.   dona  intestinalis  (Linn.)  Flem.      (p.  9)      1  and  2. — Test 
(1,  fully    expanded;    2,    slightly    contracted).       3.— 
Test  of  a  young  individual.     4. — Branchial  aperture. 
5. — Part  of  branchial  sac  :  magnified. 

6-8.   dona  pulclwlla  Alder,      (p.  14)      6. — A  group  of    indi- 
viduals with  test  extended.     7. — A  single  individual 
with  test  contracted.     8. — Mantle. 
9.   Corella  parallelogmmma  (Miill.)  Hanc.     (p.  25)     Test. 

All  the  figures,  except  5,  natural  size. 


PI,  ATI,  \\I 


• 


,• 


«  '.\ 


•'  •  '•'• 


3 


6 


5 


7 


Q 


Plate  22 


PLATE   XXII. 

I'IGS. 


1-8.  Ciona  fasciciilaris  Hanc.  (p.  15)  1. — A  cluster  : 
three-fifths  natural  size.  2. — Test,  showing- 
mantle  within  it :  slightly  enlarged.  3. — Test 
laid  open,  showing  mantle  more  clearly  :  slightly 
enlarged.  4. — Mantle,  with  the  test  removed  : 
slightly  enlarged,  v.  "  Ovary  not  developed." 
5.: — Mantle  laid  open,  showing  branchial  sac, 
etc.  :  slightly  enlarged.  6. — Atrial  aperture  of 
man  tie,  with  siphon  extended:  three  times  natural 
size.  7. — Atrial  aperture  of  mantle,  with  siphon 
retracted  :  three  times  natural  size.  8. — Part 
of  branchial  sac  with  oral  tentacles  :  magnified. 
9.  Corella  larvfeformis  Hanc.  (p.  28)  Test,  show- 
ing mantle  within  it  :  twice  natural  size. 

10  and  11.   Corella  orata  Hanc.    (p.  31)    10. — Test,  showing- 
mantle    within    it:    twice    natural    size.     11.— 
Ati-ial  aperture  of  mantle  :  magnified. 


9 


PLATE  \.\ll. 


7 


.A. 


8 


r. 


•  i  4. 


v. 


10 


Plate  23 


PLATE  XXI II. 


Molgula  conchilega  (Miill.).     (p.  41) 


FIGS. 

1-3. 


4-6. 


Views  of 


mantle  : 
side. 


1.— Right 
above,     r.  t. 


m 


one   and   a  half  times  natural  size. 
2. — Left    side.      3. — As  seen  from 
ig.   2,  blood-vessel   from   mantle  to 
test. 

Mantle  laid  open  :  about  twice  natural  size, 
external  surface   of  branchial  sac,   etc. 


4. — Showing 
T  cli.  male 


channels, 
rio-ht  ovary 


5. — Showing 


internal    surface,   etc.     r.  r. 
I.  v.  left  ovary.     6. — With  outer  mem- 
brane of  branchial  sac  turned  back,  showing  interior. 


CL.C. 


r.v. 


<?-  -^ 
l.v. 


5 


$ 


PLATE  XXI1J 


$  ch. 


/i.e. 

3 
a.c. 


Plate  24 


PLATE   XXIV. 

FIGS. 

1-6.  Molgula  complanata  A.  &  H.  (p.  45)  land  2. — Views 
of  mantle,  the  test  removed  from  the  surface  seen, 
but  showing  along  the  margin  :  six  times  natural 
size.  In  fig.  2,  x  is  some  foreign  body  inside  the 
mantle.  3  and  4. — Mantle  laid  open,  exposing  (in 
3)  digestive  and  reproductive  organs,  and  (in  4) 
branchial  sac  :  about  eight  times  natural  size.  5. — 
Liver  :  magnified.  6. — Larva  :  magnified. 
7-10.  Moh/nla  ocnlata  Forbes,  (p.  48)  7  and  8. — Views  of 
mantle  (7,  left  side;  8,  right  side)  :  about  two-thirds 
natural  size.  9  and  10. — Mantle  laid  open,  exposing 
(in  9)  digestive  and  reproductive  organs,  and  (in 
10)  branchial  sac. 


PLATE  XXIV 


V. 


a. 


en. 


., 


10 


8 


Plate  25 


PLATE  XXV. 

FIGS. 


1.  Nolgula  ralvata  sp.  nov.      (p.  49)     Mantle,  showing- 
alimentary  canal :  four  times  natural  size. 
2  and  3.  Nolgula  simplex  A.  &  H.      (p.  51)     Mantle:  three 
times  natural  size.    2.  —Right  side,  showing  diges- 
tive organs.     3. — Left  side,  showing  reproductive 


organs. 


4-6.  Nolgula  siphonata  Alder,  (p.  63)  4  and  5. — Mantle, 
showing  digestive  and  reproductive  organs  (4,  left 
side;  5,  right  side)  :  one  and  a  half  natural  size. 
6. — Mantle  laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac,  etc. : 
a  little  more  enlarged,  gn.  genital  outlet. 


PLATE 


Plate  26 


PLATE   XXVI. 

PIGS. 

1-4.  Molg  id  a  siphonata  Alder,  (p.  53)  1. — Test :  natural 
size.  2. — Mantle  :  natural  size.  3. — Branchial 
aperture  :  three  times  natural  size.  4. — Part  of 
branchial  sac  :  magnified. 

5-9.  Molgula  citrina  A.  &  H.  (p.  62)  5-7.— Views  of 
test:  twice  natural  size.  8. — Part  of  branchial 
sac  :  magnified.  9. — Larva  :  magnified. 

10-12.  Eugyra  arenosa  A.  &  H.  (p.  70)  10. — Test :  natural 
size.  11  and  12. — Views  of  mantle  (11,  right  side  ; 
12,  left  side)  :  natural  size. 


PLATE  XX VI 


5 


9 


6 


7 


Plate  27 


PLATE   XXVII. 

FIGS. 

1  and  2.  Molgula  socialis  Alder,  (p.  56)  Views  of  mantle : 
three  times  natural  size.  1 . — Right  side,  showing 
digestive  organs.  2. — Left  side,  showing  repro- 
ductive organs,  etc. 

3-5.  Molgula  inconspic.ua  A.  &  H.  (p.  59)  3  and  4. — 
Views  of  mantle  (3,  right  side ;  4,  left  side)  :  six 
times  natural  size.  re.  rectum.  5. — Mantle  laid 
open,  showing  digestive  and  reproductive  organs  : 
about  eight  times  natural  size. 

6-8.  Molgula  citrina  A.  &  H.  (p.  62)  6  and  7. — Views 
of  mantle  (6,  right  side ;  7,  left  side)  :  three  and 
a  half  times  natural  size.  8a-d. — Larva,  in  diffe- 
rent stages  of  growth  :  magnified. 


PI.  VII 


-a  c 


3 


4 


m 


ac 


Plate  28 


PLATE  XXVIII. 

FIGS. 

1  and  2.  Molgula  socialis  Alder.  (p.  56)  Test  and  mantle 
laid  open  :  three  times  natural  size.  1. — Showing 
outer  surface  of  branchial  sac,  etc.  2. — Showing 
inner  surface,  etc. 

3-5.  Molgula  citrina  A.  &  H.  (p.  62)  Test  and  mantle 
laid  open  :  twice  natural  size.  3. — Showing  outer 
surface  of  branchial  sac,  etc.  4. — Showing  inner 
surface.  5. — Showing  digestive  and  reproductive 
organs. 


PLATE    XXVIII. 


V. 


Plate  29 


PLATE   XXIX. 

FIGS. 

1-4.  Eugyra  arenosa  A.  &  H.  (p.  70)  1. — Mantle.  2.— 
Mantle  partly  laid  open,  exposing  external  surface 
of  branchial  sac.  3. — Mantle  fully  laid  open,  and 
outer  layer  of  branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  the 
interior.  4. — Branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  diges- 
tive organs,  etc. 

5-7.  Eugyra  globosa  Hanc.      (p.  73)     5. — Test.     6  and  7. — 
Views  of  mantle  (6,  right  side;  7,  left  side). 

All  the  figures  about  twice  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXIX 


4 


a.c. 


a.c. 


3 


2 


br 


br. 


af  * 


at, 

. 


br. 

7 


Plate  30 


PLATE   XXX. 

FIGS. 
1  and  2.   Cynthia  claudicans  Sav.     (p.  78)      1. — Test:  natural 

size.     2. — Branchial  siphon  and    aperture  :  twice 

natural  size. 
3.   Cynthia  sqnamulosa  Alder,      (p.  81)     Test:  natural 

size. 
4  and  5.   Cynthia  ovata  sp.  nov.      (p.  84)     4. — Test,  to  show 

position  only,  adhering  to  shell :  two-thirds  natural 

size.     5. — Test :  one  and  a  third  natural  size. 
6  and  7.   Cynthia  morus  Forbes,      (p.  86)      6. — Test :  natural 

size.     7. — Mantle  :  natural  size. 
8  and  9.   Cynthia  tessellata  Forbes,      (p.  89)     8. — Test  :  twice 

natural  size.     9. — Portion  of  test,  showing  form 

of  tessellations  :  a  little  further  enlarged. 
10.   Cynthia  echinata  (Linn.)  Alder,      (p.  93)     Test :  one 

and  a  third  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXX, 


5 


< 


6 


4 


10 


7 


Plate  31 


PLATE   XXXI. 

FIGS. 

1  and  2.  Cynthia  rosea  Alder,  (p.  76)  1. — Test  and  mantle 
laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  2. — Branchial 
sac  removed,  exposing  digestive  and  reproductive 
organs.  Both  figures  about  one  and  a  half  natural 
size. 

3-5.  Cynthia  clandicans  Sav.  (p.  78)  3. — Test  and 
mantle  laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  4.— 
Branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  digestive  and  re- 
productive organs.  Both  figures  about  twice  natu- 
ral size.  5. — Upper  end  of  endostyle  :  much  more 
enlarged. 

6-8.  Cynthia  squamulosa  Alder,  (p.  81)  6. — Test  and 
mantle  laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  7. — 
Branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  digestive  and 
reproductive  organs.  Both  figures  about  three 
times  natural  size.  8. — A  cluster  of  ovaries : 
much  more  enlarged. 


-• 


4- 


I 'LATE  XXXI 


M 

'•   L  S^ 


7. 


t 


3 


- 


o 


-r.     /. 


Plate  32 


PLATE  XXXII. 

FIGS. 

1  and  2.  Cynthia  squamulosa  Alder,  (p.  81)  Mantle:  two 
and  a  half  times  natural  size.  1. — Left  side, 
showing  muscular  fibres  on  the  surface  and  repro- 
ductive organs  within.  2. — Right  side,  showing 
alimentary  canal  and  reproductive  organs. 
3-5.  Cynthia  ovata  sp.  nov.  (p.  84)  Mantle  :  two  and 
a  half  times  natural  size.  3. — Right  side,  showing 
muscular  fibres.  4. — Right  side,  showing  diges- 
tive and  reproductive  organs.  5. — Left  side,  show- 
ing the  same. 

6  and  7.  Cynthia  tessellata  Forbes,  (p.  89)  Mantle :  three 
times  natural  size.  6. — As  seen  from  above,  show- 
ing muscular  fibres,  strongly  marked  at  ms.  7. — 
Right  side,  showing  (indistinctly)  digestive  and 
reproductive  organs.  a.  e.  anal  extremity  ;  o.  e, 
oral  extremity,  i.  intestine. 

8.   Cynthia  echinata   (Linn.)    Alder,      (p.  93)     Mantle, 
left  side  :  two  and  a  half  times  natural  size. 


PLATE    XXXH 


fer. 


\ 


Ir. 


2 


at. 


IT. 


en. 


a.e. 


ms. 


Pr. 


o.e. 


at. 


3 


-•  --^ 


8 


ST. 


Plate  33 


PLATE  XXXIII. 

FIGS. 

1.  Cynthia  ovata  sp.  nov.  (p.  84)  Mantle  laid  open, 
exposing  branchial  sac  and  portions  of  the  diges- 
tive and  reproductive  organs  :  about  twice  natural 
size. 

2-5.  Cyntliia  moms  Forbes.  (p.  86)  2. — Mantle  laid 
open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  fr.  "  fringe  formed 
by  the  projecting  ends  of  the  longitudinal  rods." 
3. — Branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  digestive  and 
reproductive  organs.  l>r.  s.  "  cut  end  of  branchial 
sac/'  r.  d.  "  reproductive  ducts."  Both  figures 
about  twice  natural  size.  4. — A  cluster  of  nodules 
composing  the  reproductive  organs :  much  en- 
larged. 5.— A  few  of  these  nodules  further  en- 
larged, v.  d.  "  branch  of  vas  deferens." 

6  and  7.  Cynthia  tesseUata  Forbes.  (p.  89)  6. — Mantle 
laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  mo.  "  mouth 
separated  from  the  oesophagus."  7. — Branchial 
sac  turned  over,  exposing  digestive  and  repro- 
ductive organs,  nod.  "  angular  nodules."  Both 
figures  about  twice  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXXIH 


• 


. 


rw 


V 


6  A 


re. 


• 


- 


' 


1 1  *' 


Plate  34 


PLATE   XXXIV. 

FIGS. 

1-5.  Styela  tuberosa  (Macg.).  (p.  102)  1. — Test :  natural 
size.  2. — Branchial  aperture  :  twice  natural  size. 
3. — Mantle  :  natural  size.  4. — Branchial  sac  : 
twice  natural  size.  5. — A  young  individual  : 
natural  size. 
6.  Styela  informis  (Forbes),  (p.  104)  Test:  natural 

size. 

7  and  8.   Styela   mamillaris    (Gaertn.).      (p.    106)     7. — Test: 
natural  size.     8.— Mantle  :  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXX IV. 


•: 


6 


4 


8  A 


Plate  35 


PLATE   XXXV. 

FIG. 

1.  Styela  tuberosa  (Macg.).      (p.  102) 

2.  Sti/ela  mamillaris  (Gaertn.).      (p.  106) 

Each  figure  represents  the  test  laid  open,  exposing 
the  mantle,  and  showing,  at  the  base,  the  blood-vessel 
leading  from  the  mantle  to  the  test;  and  each  is  one 
and  a  half  natural  size. 


PLATK  XXXV. 


.*- 

'  O 


',! 

V  I 


:.. 


Plate  36 


PLATE 

FIGS. 

1-7.  Styela  tuberosa  (Macg.).      (p.  102)       1-3.— Test  and 
mantle  laid  open,  exposing   (in  fig.   1)   branchial 
sac,   (in  fig.  2)    branchial  sac    and    reproductive 
organs,  and  (in  fig.  3)  digestive  and  reproductive 
organs,  the  branchial  sac  being  removed.     4-7.— 
Reproductive  organs,  various  views  :  magnified. 
8  and  9.  Styela  informis   (Forbes),      (p.  104)     8. — Test   and 
mantle    removed,    exposing   branchial    sac.     9. — 
Branchial  sac    removed,  exposing  digestive    and 
reproductive  organs.     Both  figures  natural  size. 


XVI. 


- 


I 


•- 


4 


, 


V5 


Plate  37 


PLATE   XXXVII. 


FIGS. 

1-4.  Styela  coriacea  A.  &  H.  (p.  109)  1. — A  young 
individual,  extended :  natural  size.  2. — An 
adult,  extended  :  natural  size.  3. — The  same, 
contracted:  natural  size.  4.- — Tubercles  of  the 
test  :  slightly  enlarged. 

5.  Styela  pomaria    (Sav.).      (p.  110)     Test:  natural 
size. 

6  and  7.  Styela  sulcatula  (Alder).  (p.  113)  6. — Tests, 
extended  :  natural  size.  7. — Test,  contracted  : 
natural  size. 

8  and  9.  Styela  grnnulata  (Alder).  (p.  115)  8.— Three 
individuals;  fully  extended,  partly  extended, 
and  contracted :  natural  size.  9. — Facets  of 
the  test :  magnified. 

10-12.  Styela  variabilis  sp.  nov.  (p.  117)  10.— The 
usual  form:  natural  size.  11. — A  variety: 
natural  size.  12. — Mantle  :  slightly  enlarged. 

13.  (?)  Styela  obncura  sp.  nov.    (p.  119)    Test:  natural 

size. 

14.  Styela  comata   (Alder),      (p.  120)     Test:  natural 

size. 

15.  Styela  veatita  (Alder),      (p.  122)     Test,  with  the 

siphons  extended  :  natural  size. 

16  and  17.  Styela  riolacea  (Alder),  (p.  125)  16.— Test,  with 
the  siphons  retracted  :  two  and  a  half  times 
natural  size.  17. — The  same,  with  the  siphons 
extended  :  two  and  a  half  times  natural  size. 
16a  represents  the  natural  size. 

18.   Styela  fibrillata  sp.  nov.      (p.    125)      Test  of  an 
ovate  form  :  natural  size. 


PL  ATE  XXX  VI  I. 


5 


10 


iea 


\ 


6 


Plate  38 


PLATE   XXXVIII. 
Styela  fibrillata  sp.  nov.     (p.  125) 

FIG. 

1 .  Test  of  a  sub-orbicular  form  :  natural  size. 

2.  Fibrils  of  the  test,  some  with  particles  of  sand  attached 

magnified. 

3.  Fibrils  of  a  different  character :  more  highly  magnified. 


XXVIII 


f 


A    s  •> . 


•  • 


\ 


..JS 


,1 

:  -    , 


Plate  39 


PLATE  XXXIX. 

Fios. 

1.  A  Styela,  undescribed.     Mantle  :  six  times  natural 

size. 

2  and  3.  Styela  coriacea  A.  &  H.      (p.  109)     Views  of  mantle  : 
twice    natural    size.      2. — Left    side.     3. — Under 
side  (?). 
4.   Styela  pomaria  (Sav.).      (p.  110)     Mantle,  left  side  : 

three  times  natural  size. 

5  and  6.  Styela  granulata  (Alder),      (p.  115)      Mantle:  four 
times  natural  size.    5. — Rig-lit  side.     6. — Leftside. 

7.  Styela  humilis  sp.  nov.     (p.  116)     Test:  one  and  a 

half  natural  size. 

8.  Styela  comata  (Alder),      (p.  120)     Mantle :  one  and 

a  half  natural  size. 

9.  Styela   vestita    (Alder).      (p.    125)      Mantle:  twice 

natural  size. 

10-12.  Styelaviolacea  (Alder),  (p.  125)  Views  of  mantle  : 
four  times  natural  size.  10. — As  seen  from  above. 
11. — Left  side.  12. — As  seen  from  below. 

13-16.  Styela  depressa  sp.  nov.  (p.  126)  13. — Test,  as 
seen  from  above,  with  the  siphons  retracted  :  three 
times  natural  size.  14. — Portion  of  test,  with  the 
siphons  extended  :  further  enlarged.  15  and  16. — 
Views  of  mantle  :  five  times  natural  size  (15,  right 
side  ;  16,  left  side). 

17.  Styela  northumbrica  sp.  nov.  (p.  127)  Test,  invest- 
ing portion  of  shell  of  Modiola  vulgaris  :  one  and 
a  half  natural  size. 


PLATE  XXXIX 


A. 


In: 


at. 


ltt 


at. 


br. 


hi: 


7 


V.  , 


0 


IVJ 


9 


13 


16 


Plate  40 


PLATE    XL. 

FIG. 

1.  Branchial  tentacle  of  Molgula  siphonata  Alder,     (p.  55) 

2.  Fibrils  of  the  same  species,  one  with  a  particle  of  sand 

attached,      (p.  55) 

3.  Fibrils  of  another  species  of  Molgula,  possibly  M.  valvata 

sp.  nov.     (see  p.  51) 

4.  Branchial  tentacle  of  Molgula  citrina  A.  &  H.     (p.  63) 

5.  Fibrils  of  Eugyra  arenosa  A.  &  H.      (p.  70) 

6.  Branchial  tentacle  of  Cynthia  claudicans  Sav.      (p.  80) 

7.  Pinnate  branchial  tentacle  of  Cynthia  squatmilosa  Alder. 

(p.    83)       (A   bi-pinnate   tentacle   is   represented   by 
fig.  33  in  the  text.) 

8.  Oral   lamina,    consisting    of    tentacular    processes  ;    and 

branchial  tubercle  ;  of  Cynthia  morus  Forbes,    (p.  88) 

9.  Fibrils  of  Styela  fibrillata  sp.  nov.      (p.  125) 

The  organs  are  described  on  the  pages  refeiTed  to.     The 
figures  are  magnified  in  various  proportions. 


PLATE   XL, 


% 


6 


Plate  41 


PLATE  XLI. 

FIGS. 

1-3.  Styela  mamillaris  (Graertn.).  (p.  106)  Test  and 
mantle  laid  open  :  about  twice  natural  size.  1.— 
Exposing1  outer  surface  of  branchial  sac.  2. — 
Branchial  sac  partly  removed,  exposing  its  inner 
surface,  also  anus,  reproductive  organs,  etc.  3. — 
Branchial  sac  wholly  removed,  exposing  digestive 
and  reproductive  organs. 

4  and  5.  Styela  coriacea  A.  &  H.  (p.  109)  Test  and  mantle 
laid  open  :  about  twice  natural  size.  4. — Exposing 
branchial  sac.  5. — Branchial  sac  removed,  ex- 
posing digestive  and  reproductive  organs,  v.  h. 
"  vessel  from  heart.' 


' 


. '  • " 


5NI 


. 


r 


Plate  42 


PLATE    XLIL 

FIGS. 

1-7.  Styela  pomaria  (Sav.).  (p.  HO)  1  and  2.— Test 
and  mantle  removed,  exposing  (in  fig.  1)  bran- 
chial sac,  and  (in  fig.  2)  digestive  and  repro- 
ductive organs,  the  branchial  sac  being  re- 
moved :  about  twice  natural  size.  3-7. — Ovaries, 
various  views  :  magnified. 

8  and  9.  Styela  sulcatula  (Alder),  (p.  113)  Test  and  mantle 
removed:  about  twice  natural  size.  8. — Exposing 
branchial  sac.  9. — Branchial  sac  removed,  ex- 
posing digestive  and  reproductive  organs.  b.l. 
biliary  lobe. 

10  and  11.  Styela  granulata  (Alder),  (p.  115)  10. — Test 
and  mantle  removed,  exposing  branchial  sac  : 
about  three  times  natural  size.  11. — Exposing 
digestive  and  reproductive  organs,  the  branchial 
sac  being  removed. 


-LI1 


• 


3 


h. 


1 

:  d. 
d 


b.d. 


'4 


h. 


Plate  43 


PLATE  XLIII. 

FIGS. 

1.   Styela   variabilis    sp.  nov.      (p.    117)      Animal  laid 
open,  showing  digestive  and  reproductive  organs. 

2  and  3.   Styela    comata    (Alder).       (p.    120)      2.— Test    and 
mantle    removed,    exposing   branchial    sac,    with 
reproductive    organs    showing   through   it.     3.— 
Branchial    sac   removed,   exposing  digestive  and 
reproductive  organs  clearly. 

4  and  5.   St yela  vestita  (Alder),     (p.  122)    4. — Test  and  mantle 
laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac,  with  digestive 
and  reproductive  organs  showing  through  it.    5.— 
Branchial    sac    removed,   showing    digestive    and 
reproductive  organs  more  clearly. 

All  the  figures  about  twice  natural  size. 


PLATE  XL  III 


3 


' 


h. 


.d. 


2 


m 


• 

'/   J  IV 


• 


Plate  44 


PLATE  XLIV. 

FIGS. 

1-3.  Styela  fibrillata  sp.  nov.  (p.  125)  1. — Test  removed 
and  mantle  laid  open,  exposing  outer  surface  of 
branchial  sac.  2. — Branchial  sac  partly  removed, 
showing  its  inner  surface,  and  exposing  digestive 
and  reproductive  organs.  3. — Branchial  sac  wholly 
removed,  showing  digestive  and  reproductive 
organs  more  clearly.  About  twice  natural  size. 
4  and  5.  Styela  depressa  sp.  nov.  (p.  126)  4. — Test  and 
mantle  laid  open,  exposing  branchial  sac.  5.- 
Branchial  sac  removed,  exposing  digestive  and 
reproductive  organs.  About  three  times  natural 
size. 

6.  Styela  nortlinnibrica  sp.  nov.  (p.  127)  Test  removed, 
mantle  laid  open,  and  branchial  sac  removed,  ex- 
posing digestive  and  reproductive  organs.  About 
four  times  natural  size. 


PLATE  XL1V. 


3 


a. 


6 


Plate  45 


PLATE  XLV. 

FIGS. 

1.  Styelopsis   glomerata     (Alder).       (p.    134)       A    cluster: 

natural  size. 

2.  Probably  the  same  species  :    (?)  slightly  enlarged.* 
3-5.   Thylaciwm  Normani  (Alder),      (p.  138)     3. — A  cluster  : 

natural  size.  4. — Part  of  the  same :  twice  natural 
size.  5. — A  single  individual:  four  times  natural 
size.t 

*  Alder  may  have  made  this  drawing  from  a  cluster  now  in  the  Norman 
Collection  in  the  British  Museum,  labelled  "  Cynthia  glomerata  (Aid.), 
Gouliot  Caves,  Sark,"  a  locality  not  given  for  the  species  in  the  author's 
MS.  On  an  older  label  is  written  "  (?  glomerata)."  The  cluster,  Canon 
Norman  states,  was  collected  not  earlier  than  1854  nor  later  than  1865.  It 
is  now  much  broken  up. 

t  The  specimen  from  which  Alder  made  these  drawings  is  in  the  same 
collection,  and  is  still  perfect. 


PLATF.      XLV 


4  5 


Plate  46 


PLATE  XL VI. 

FIGS. 

1-4.  Styelopsis  grossularia  (Van  Ben.)  Traust.  (p.  129) 
1. — A  group  :  natural  size.  2. — A  single  indi- 
vidual from  this  group  :  twice  natural  size.  3. — 
An  individual,  probably  a  variety  of  this  species, 
with  a  young  one  attached  :  three  times  natural 
size.  4. — The  same  :  natural  size. 
5.  Stt/elopsis  glomerata  (Alder),  (p.  134)  A  cluster  : 
natural  size. 

6-8.  Thylacium  aggreyatum  (Kathke)  V.  Cams.  (p. 
136)  6. — A  group  :  one-half  natural  size.  7.— 
A  single  individual :  natural  size.  8. — A  group, 
probably  a  variety  of  this  species,  of  the  size 
and  form  of  var.  maculatum,  but  apparently  not 
spotted :  natural  size. 

9-11.  Thylacium  Sylvani  V.  Cams.  (p.  137)  9.— A 
group  of  small  ones.  10. — A  group  of  rather 
larger  ones.  11. — A  single  individual,  much 
larger.  All  with  young  ones  attached ;  and 
natural  size. 

12-14.  Thylacium  variolosum  (G-aertn.).  (p.  138)  12. — 
A  mass  :  twice  natural  size.  13. — Showing 
mode  of  growth  on  an  Ascidian  (?)  :  natural  size. 
14. — A  larva  :  magnified. 

15  and  16.   Pelonaia  corrugataFoYb.  &  Goods,    (p.  145)    15.— 
Test :  natural  size.     16. — Part  of  branchial  sac  : 
magnified. 


LVI 


3 


, 


7 


Plate  47 


PLATE   XLVII. 

Pelonaia  cormgata  Forb.  &  Goods,      (p.  146) 

FIGS. 

1-3.  Test  and  mantle  laid  open,  exposing  (in  fig.  1)  diges- 
tive and  reproductive  organs  fully,  the  branchial 
sac  being  removed ;  (in  fig.  2)  the  inside  of  the 
branchial  sac,  the  outer  layer  being  laid  open  and 
partly  removed,  with  the  endostyle  showing  clearly 
in  the  centre,  and  the  digestive  and  reproductive 
organs  partially ;  and  (in  fig.  3)  the  external  sur- 
face of  the  branchial  sac,  the  digestive  and  repro- 
ductive organs  partially,  and  part  of  the  surface 
of  the  test  with  fibrils  :  about  three  times  natural 
size.*  br.  s.  branchial  sac. 

4.  The    anterior    end    of    fig.     2,    showing    apertures, 

tentacles,  branchial  tubercle  (l>.  t.)  with  nerve- 
ganglion  (n.g.),  oral  lamina  (o.  /.),  and  endostyle  : 
about  six  times  natural  size. 

5.  The  anterior  end  of  fig.  I  or  3,  showing  the  aper- 

tures :  about  three  times  natural  size. 

6  and  7.  Ovaries  :  about  twelve  times  natural  size.  6b  is  a 
continuation  afc  x  of  6a.  7  shows  the  same  part  as 
6b  in  a  more  advanced  stage  of  development. 

*  Figs.  1  and  3  terminate  abruptly,  without  showing  the  apertures,  owing 
to  the  original  drawings  coming  to  the  edge  of  the  paper  on  which  they  are 
drawn.  (All  Hancock's  drawings  are  on  half  sheets  of  note-paper.) 


PLATE  XLVII 


\d 

6 

-'•S 

. 
1  $' 

v  -^ 

<oa 

1 

in 

d 

3* 

rt> 

v; 


s. 


hi. 

> 


.0.1 


v.dL 


4 


7 


br.s 


3 


ft. 


, 


Plate  48 


PLATE   XLYIII. 

The  Branchial  Tubercle. 

FIG. 

1.  Molgnla  conchilega  Miill.      (p.  38) 

2.  M.  socialis  Alder,      (p.  58) 

3.  M.  citrlna  A.  &  H.      (p.  63) 

4.  Cynthia  claudicans  Sav.      (p.  80) 

5.  C.  squamulosa  Alder,      (p.  83) 

6.  C.  morns  Forbes,      (p.  88) 

7.  C.  tessellata  Forbes,      (p.  91) 

8.  C.  echinata  (Linn.)  Alder,      (p.  96) 

9.  Styela  tuberosa  (Macg.).      (p.  99) 

10.  8.  pomaria  (Sav.).      (p.  Ill) 

11.  S.sulcatula  (Alder),      (p.  114) 

12.  8.  granulata  (Alder). 

13.  8.  humilis  sp.  nov.      (p.  117) 

14.  8.  variabilis  sp.  nov. 

15.  8.  obscura  sp.  nov. 

16.  8.  comata  (Alder). 

17.  8.  cestita  (Alder). 

18.  Pelonaia  corrugata  Forb.  &  Goods,     (p.  141) 

The  tubercles   are   described  on  the  pages  referred  to. 
The  figures  are  magnified  in  various  proportions. 


PLATE    XLV1II 


. 


,l  2 


&* 


6 


4  1 


2. 

J 

•10 

13 

•^ 
<  Oh 

. 


6 


S 


Plate  49 


PLATE  XLIX. 

FIGS. 

1  and  2.  Clavelina  lepadiformis  (Mull.)   Sav.     (p.  152)      1. — 
A  cluster  :  twice  natural  size.     2. — Part  of  bran 
chial  sac  :  magnified. 

3.  Clavelina  corrugata  sp.  nov.     (p.   155)     Two   indi- 
viduals :  twice  natural  size. 

4-6.  Diazona  hebridica  Forb.  &  Goods,  (violacea  Sav.). 
(p.  160)  4. — A  "common  mass : ''  two-thirds 
natural  size.  5. — A  single  individual :  one  and 
a  quarter  natural  size.  6. — Part  of  branchial  sac  : 
magnified. 


PI.  ATE  XIJX 


- 


5 


o 


,. 


4 


Plate  50 


PLATE   L. 
Clavelina  lepadiformis  (Miill.)  Sav.     (p.  152) 

FIGS. 

1.  Test,  showing'  through  it  the  branchial  sac  in  the 
thorax  and  the  digestive  and  reproductive  organs 
in  the  abdomen,  x.  "  A  free  space  between  the 
mouth  and  viscera  ;  else,  where  the  oesophagus,, 
stomach,  and  intestine  appear  to  be  adherent  to 
the  common  envelope  "  (Hancock,  remark  written 
on  drawing).  A  thickening  of  the  mantle  (Milne 
Edwards] . 

2  and  3.  Right  and  left  sides  of  two  specimens  deprived  of 
their  test,  with  the  branchial  sac  shrunk  up. 

4  and  5.  Right  side  of  two  specimens  with  the  mantle  shrunk 
up  within  the  test,  and  the  branchial  sac  much 
shrunk  up  (probably  from  immersion  in  spirit). 
In  fig-.  5  the  upper  h  should  be  i  (intestine),  the 
lower  li  only  indicating  the  heart. 


PLATE     L . 


'     w. : 


•• .    . 


.  -  •••• 


KAY    SOCIETY 

INSTITUTED      1844 

FOR     THE     PUBLICATION    OF     WORKS     ON 
NATURAL     HISTORY 


ANNUAL  SUBSCRIPTION  ONE  GUINEA 


LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY 

FOR   THE   YEAR   1906 

WITH    A 

LIST    OF    THE    PUBLICATIONS 

1844-1905 


CORRECTED    TO    15TH    NOVEMBER,    1906 


OFFICERS   AND    COUNCIL. 

1906—1907. 


THE   ET.  HON.    LOED  AVEBUEY,   D.C.L.,   LL.D.,    PRES.SOC.ANT., 
FOK.SEC.E.A.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  ETC. 

Hirc-^prcstiicnts. 

EEV.  CANON  NOEMAN,  M.A.,  D.C.L,  LL.D.,  F.E.S. 

ALBEET  D.  MICHAEL,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S. 
PROF.  W.  C.  McINTOSH,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.L.&E. 

Council. 

EGBERT  BRAITHWAITE,  M.D.,  F.L.S.  Prof.   EDWARD   B.   POULTON,   M.A., 

T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  F.Z.S.  Sc.D.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S. 

Eev.  ALFRED  FULLER,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  HENRY  POWER,  M.B.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S. 

A.  E.  GIBBS,  F.L.S.,  F.E.H.S.  P.     H.     PTE-SMITH,     M.D.,     B.A., 
JOHN  HARLET,  M.D.  F.E.C.P.,  F.E.S. 

Prof.  W.  A.  HERDMAN,  D.Sc.,  F.E.S.,  E.  F.  SCHARFF,  Ph.D.,  B.Sc.,  F.L.S., 

F.E.S.E.,  Pres.L.S.  F.Z.S. 

B.  DATDON  JACKSON,  F.L.S.  D.  H.  SCOTT,   M.A.,   Ph.D.,   F.E.S., 
ALBERT  H.  JONES,  F.E.S.  F.L.S.,  Pres.E.M.S. 

J.  W.  S.  MEIKLEJOHN,  M.D.,  F.L.S.          ET.  HON.  LORD  WALSINGHAM,  M.A., 
J.  S.;PHENE,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S. 

F.  DuCANE  GODMAN,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.Z.S. 

^>£crctar^i. 

JOHN  HOPKINSON,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.E.Met.Soc.,  Assoc.Inst.C.E., 

Weetwood,  Watford. 


LIST   OF   THE   BAY    SOCIETY. 


Aberdeen  University  Library ;  King's  College,  Aberdeen. 

Adelaide  Public  Library ;  Adelaide,  S.  Australia. 

AdkiiT,  Robert,  F.E.S. ;   Wellfield,  4  Lingards  Road,  Lewisham, 

S.E. 

Adlard,  R.  E. ;  Bartholomew  Close,  E.G. 
Advocates'  Library;  Edinburgh. 

Albany  Museum  ;   Grahamstown,  Cape  Colony,  8.  Africa. 
Armstrong  College  ;  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
Army  and  Navy  Club  ;  36  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
Ash,  The  Eev.  Cyril  D. ;   IS  ax  ton  Vicarage,  Tadcaster. 
Athenaeum  Club  ;  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 
Australian  Museum ;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 
Avebury,    The   Right    Hon.    Lord,    D.C.L.,    LL.D.,    F.R.S., 

F.S.A.,   F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,    F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. ,  PRESIDENT;    15 

Lombard  Street,  E.C. ;    6  tit.  James's  Square,  S.W. ;  and 

High  Elms,  Farnborough,  R.S.O.,  Kent. 

Baei%  Joseph,  &  Co. ;  6  Hochstrasse,  Frankfort,  Germany. 
Bainbridge,  Miss  M.  E. ;   9  Chnrchfield  Road,  Ealing,  W. 
Barrow-in-Furness  Public  Library  ;  B arrow-in- Furn&ss. 
Battersea  Public  Library;  Lavender  Hill,  S.W. 
Belfast  Library;  Donegal  Square,  Belfast. 

Bentley,  Richard,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S.,  Pres.R.Met.Soc.,  F.R.G.S.; 
The  Mere,  Upton,  Slough. 

Berens,  A.  A.,  M.A. ;   Castlemead,  irinJsor. 

Bergens  Museums  Bibliotek;  Bergen,  Norway. 

Berlin  Royal  Library  ;  Berlin. 

Berlin  Royal  Zoological  Museum  ;  Berlin. 

Berne  Natural  History  Museum  ;  Berne,  Switzerland. 

Bethune-Baker,    George    T.,    F.L.S.,    F.E.S.;     19    Clarendon 
Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 

Bibliotheque  Nationale  ;  Paris. 


LIST    OF    THE    HAY    SOCIETY. 

Binks,  Mrs.  I. ;  9  Burton  Street,  Wakefield. 
Birmingham  Free  Libraries;  Birmingham. 
Blackburne-Maze,  W.  P.,  F.E.S.;  Shaw  House,  Newbnry. 

Bloomfield,  The  Rev.  E.  N.,  M.A.,  F.E.S. ;   G nestling  Rectory, 
Hastings. 

Board  of  Education,  Secondary  Branch;  South  Kensington. 
S.W. 

Bodleian  Library  ;   Oxford. 

Bootle  Free  Library  :   Oriel  Road,  Bootle,  Liverpool. 

Bostock,  E.  D.,  F.E.S. ;  Holly  House,  Stone. 
Boston  Public  Library;  Boston,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 

Boston  Society  of   Natural  History;  Berkeley  Street,  Boston, 

Mass.,  U.S.A. 

Bomme,  T.  W. ;  Rock  Cottage,  Newton  Abbot. 
Bowles,  Edward  Augustus ;  Myddelton  House,  Waltham  Cross. 

Bradford  Natural  History  and  Microscopical  Society  ;  Church 
Institute,  North  Parade,  Bradford. 

Brady,    G.    Stewardson,    M.D.,  LL.D.,   F.E.S. ;   Park  Hurst, 
Enddiffe,  Sheffield. 

Braithwaite,  Eobert,  M.D.,  M.E.C.S.E.,  F.L.S. ;  26  Endymion 
Road,  Brixton  Hill,  S.W. 

Breslau  University  Library  ;  Breslau,  Germany. 

Briggs,  C.  A.,  F.E.S.  ;   Rock  House,  Lynmouth,  R.S.O.,  North 
Devon. 

Briggs,  T.  H.,  M.A.,  F.E.S. ;  Rock  House,  Lynmouth,  R.S.O., 
North  Devon. 

Brighton  and  Hove  Natural  History  Society;  Public  Library, 
Brighton. 

Bristol  Municipal  Public  Libraries  ;  Bristol. 

Bristol  Museum;   Queen's  Road,  Bristol. 

Bristol  Naturalists'  Society ;  20  Berkeley  Square,  Bristol. 

British  Museum;  Bloomsbnri/,  W.C. 

Brockholes,  Mrs.  J.  Fitzherbert;  Clifton  Hill,  Garstang,  R.S.O., 
Lancashire. 

Brokenshire,   Fred.   E.;   7   Hillsboro'    Avenue,   Pennsylvania, 

Exeter. 

Bromley  Naturalists'  Society;  92  London  Road,  Bromley,  Kent. 
Brussels  National  Library ;  Brussels. 

Buchan-Hepburn,    Sir   Archibald,    Bart.,    F.E.S. ;    Smeaton- 
Hepburn,  Prestonkirk,  N.B. 


LIST    OF    THE    KAY    SOCIETY.  5 

Burrows,  The  Rev.  C.  R.  "N. ;   Mucking  Vicarage,  Stanford-le- 

Hope,  s.o.,  Essex. 
Butterfield,  W.  Euskin ;   The  Museum,  Hastings. 

Cambridge  Philosophical  Library  ;  New  Museums,  Cambridge. 
Cambridge  University  Library  ;  Cambridge. 

Campbell,  F.  Maule,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.M.S.  ; 
Brynllwydwyn,  Mach  ynlleth. 

Canterbury,  Philosophical  Institution  of;  Christchurcli ,  New 
Zealand. 

Cardiff  Free  Libraries ;   Cardiff. 

Carlyon,  T.  A. ;  Connemara,  Darracott  Road,  Boscombe  Park, 
Bournemouth. 

Chapman,  Edward,  M.A.,  F.L.S. ;  Hill  End,  Mottram,  Man- 
chester. 

Chapman,  T.  Algernon,  M.D.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  ;  Betula, 
Reigate. 

Cheltenham  Natural  Science  Society  ;   Cheltenham. 

Chester  Society  of  Natural  Science ;  Grosvenor  Museum, 
Chester. 

Chicago  Public  Library ;   Chicago,  III.,  U.S.A. 

Chicago  University  Library  ;   Chicago,  III.,  U.S.A. 

Christiania,  University  of  ;   Christiania,  Norway. 

Church,  Sir  VV.  S.,  Bart.,  M.D. ;   130  Harley  Street,  W. 

Clark,  J.  A.,  L.D.S.,  F.E.S. ;  57  Weston  Park,  Crouch  End, 

N. 

Cleland,  John,    M.D.,    D.Sc.,  LL.D.,    F.R.S.,    Professor    of 

Anatomy,    University    of    Glasgow ;    2    The    University, 

Glasgow. 

Congress,  Library  of;    Washington,  D.C.,  U.S.A. 
Cornell  University  Library ;  Ithaca,  New  York,  U.S.A. 
Cornwall,  Royal  Institution  of  ;   Truro. 

Cotton,  John,  M.R.C.S.,  F.E.S. ;  Simonswood,  Prescot  Road, 
St.  Helens. 

Crawford,  W.  C. ;  1  Lockerton  Gardens,  Colinton  Road, 
Edinburgh. 

Crawshay,  Lionel  Routledge,  M.A.(Oxon)  ;  Marine  Biological 

Laboratory,  Plymouth. 

Croft,  R.  Benyon,  R.N. ;  Fanhams  Hall,  Ware. 
Croydon  Public  Libraries  ;   Town  Hall,  Croydon. 


6  LIST    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY. 

Dames,  Felix  L. ;   12  Landgrafenstrasse,  Berlin,  W.  62. 
Davies,  A.  Ellson,   Ph.D.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S.;  Ticeedbank,   West 

S civile  Road,  Edinburgh. 

Derby  Free  Library  and  Museum  ;    Wardwick,  Derby. 
Detroit  Public  Library;  Detroit,  Mich.,  U.S.A. 
Devonshire,    His    Grace   the   Duke   of,    K.G.,  M.A.,  LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  Hon  M.Inst.C.E. ;  Devonshire  House,  Piccadilly, 

W.,  and  Chatsivorth,  Derbyshire. 
Dickinson,  William;    Warham  Road,  Croydon. 
Downing  College ;   Cambridge. 
Dublin,  Royal,  Society ;  Leinster  House,  Dublin. 

East  Kent  Natural   History  Society  ;  Medical  Hall,  Canter- 
bury. 

Eastwood,  John  E.,  F.E.S. ;  Enton  Lodge,  Witley,  Godalmivg. 
Edinburgh  Public  Library  ;  Edinburgh. 
Edinburgh,  Royal  Society  of;    Edinburgh. 
Edinburgh  University  Library  ;  Edinburgh. 

Eliot,  Sir  Charles,  LL.D.,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  F.Z.S.,  F.R.G.S.  ; 
Endcliffe  Holt,  Endcliffe  Crescent,  Sheffield. 

Elphinstone,  Sir  Howard  W.,  Bart.,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.R.G.S. ; 

2    Stone   Buildings,    Lincoln's   Inn,   W.C.,    and  Struan, 

Wimbledon  Park,  S.W. 
England,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of ;  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 

W.C. 

Fielding,  Clement,  M.P.S. ;   Clover  Hill,  Halifax. 
FitzGerald,  The  Rev.  H.  Purefoy,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S. ;  Barracane, 

Wellington  College,  s.o.,  Berks. 

Fletcher,  W.  H.  B.,  M.A.,  F.E.S. ;  Aldu-ick  Manor,  Bognor. 
Folkestone  Free  Public  Library  and  Museum  ;  Folkestone. 
Foster,  C. ;   Thorpe,  Norwich. 
France,  Institut  de ;  Paris. 

Fraser,  F.  J.  ;   19  Southampton  Street,  Bloomsbury,  W.C. 
Freeman,  Francis  F.,  F.E.S.;  Abbotsjield,  Tavistock. 
Friedlander  &  Sohn;   11  Carlstrasse,  Berlin,  N.W.  6. 
Fulham   Public    Libraries    (Central    Library)  ;    598   Fulham 

Road,  S.W. 
Fuller,  The  Rev.  Alfred,  M.A.,  F.E.S.;  The  Lodge,  Sydenham 

Hill,  S.E. 


LIST    OF    THE    BAY    SOCIETY.  7 

Gannett,  Frank  W. ;  Dalegarth,  Windermere. 

Gascoigne,  Major  French;  Lotherton  Hall,  AberforJ,  Leeds. 

Geological  Society  of  London;  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly, 

W. 
Gerold  &  Co.  ;   Vienna. 

Gibbs,  Arthur  Ernest,  F.L.S.,  F.R.H.S.,  Hon.  Sec.  Herts 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc. ;  Kitchener's  Meads,  St.  Albans. 

Gibson,  Miss  ;  Hill  House,  Saffron  Walden. 

Giles,  Harry  M.  ;   Zoological   Gardens,   South  Perth,  Western 

Australia. 
Glasgow  Natural  History  Society;  207  Bath  Street,  Glasgow. 

Glasgow,  Royal  Philosophical  Society  of;   137    West  George 

Street,  Glasgow. 
Glasgow  University  Library  ;   Glasgow. 

Godman,  F.  DuCane,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.,  F.R.H.S.,  TEEASDEER;  45  Pont  Street,  Belgrade 
Square,  S.W.,  and  South  Lodge,  Horsham. 

Gottingen  University  Library ;   Gottingen,  Germany. 

Great  Britain,  Pharmaceutical  Society  of;  17  Bloomsbury 
Square,  W.C. 

Green,  E.  Ernest,  F.E.S.,  Government  Entomologist ;  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Peradeniya,  Ceylon. 

Grosvenor  Public  Library;  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 
Guille-Alles  Library  ;   Guernsey. 

Haileybury  College  ;  Hertford. 

Halifax  Public  Library ;  Belle  View,  Halifax. 

Hardy,  Alfred  Douglas,  F.L.S.,  F.R.M.S.;  Lands  Department, 
Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia. 

Harley,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P.,  F.L.S. ;  Beedings,  Pulborough, 
R.S.O.,  Sussex. 

Harmer,  Sidney  F.,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S.;  King's  College,  Cambridge. 

Harrison,  Albert,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  F.C.S. ;  Dela- 
mere,  Grove  Road,  South  Woodford. 

Harvard    Museum     of     Comparative     Zoology ;    Cambridge, 

Mass.,  U.S.A. 

Heidelberg  University  Library  ;  Heidelberg,  Germany. 
Hertfordshire  County  Museum  ;  St.  Albans. 

Hertfordshire  Natural  History  Society  and  Field  Club  ;  Upton 
House,  Watford. 


8  LIST    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY. 

Hewitt,  David  Basil,  F.R. C.S.I.;   Oakleigh,  Northivich. 
Hilton,  James;  60  Montague  Square,  W. 
Hood,  Donald  W.  C.,  M.D. ;  43  Green  Street,  Park  Lane,  W. 
Hooker,    Sir   Joseph   Dalton,    G.C.S.L,    C.B.,   M.D.,  D.C.L., 

LL.D.,   F.R.S.,   F.L.S.,   F.G.S.,   F.R.G.S.;    The   Camp, 

Sunning  dale,  Ascot. 

Hope,  G.  P. ;  Havering  Grange,  Romford. 

Hopkinson,   John,  F.L.S.,    F.G.S.,    F.R.M.S.,   F.R.Met.Soc., 
Assoc.Inst.C.E.,  SECRETARY;   Weetwood,  Watford. 

Huddersfield    Naturalist    and    Photographic    Society ;     The 

Technical  College,  Huddersfield. 
Hull  Public  Libraries  ;  Hull. 

India,  Geological  Survey  of;   Calcutta. 

Ireland,  National  Library  of ;  Kildare  Street,  Dublin. 

Irish,  Royal,  Academy;   19  Dawson  Street,  Dublin. 

Jackson,  B.  Daydoii,  F.L.S.,  General  Secretary  of  the  Linnean 
Society;  21,  Cautleij  Avenue,  Clapham  Common,  S.W. 

John  Crerer  Library  ;  Chicago,  III.,  U.S.A. 
Jones,  Albert  H.,  F.E.S. ;  Shrublands,  Eltham. 
Junk,  W. ;  22  Rathenowerstrasse,  Berlin,  N.W.  5. 
Justen,  Frederick,  F.L.S. ;  37  Soho  Square,  W. 

Kenrick,  G.  H.,  F.E.S. ;  Whetstone,  Somerset  Road,  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

Kiel  University  Library ;  Kiel,  Germany. 

Kilmaruock  Public  Library  and  Museum;  Kilmarnock,  N.B. 

King's  Inn  Library;  Dublin. 

Knight,  H.  H. ;  Bank  House,  Llandovery. 

Laver,  Henry,  M.R.C.S. ;  43  Head  Street,  Colchester. 

Lebour,  Miss  Marie   V.,   B.Sc.  ;  Radcliffe    House,   Corbridge, 
R.S.O.,  Northumberland. 

Leeds    Philosophical    and    Literary    Society;     The   Museum, 
Leeds. 

Leeds  Public  Free  Libraries  ;  Leeds. 

Leeds  University  Library  ;  Leeds. 

Leicester  Free  Public  Library ;   Wellington  Street,  Leicester. 

Lemann,  F.  C.,  F.E.S.  ;  Black  Friars  House,  Plymouth. 


LIST    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY.  9 

Lethbridge,  Ambrose  Y.,  F.E.S. ;  Nordrach-on-Dee,  Banckory, 

R.S.O.,  Kinca rdineshire. 
Linnean  Society  of  London;  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  W. 

Lister,  Arthur,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  ;   Sycamore  House,  Leytonstone, 

N.E.,  and  High  Cliff,  Lyme  Regis. 
Liverpool  Athenaeum ;  Liverpool. 
Liverpool  Free  Public  Libraries ;  Licerpool. 
Liverpool  Microscopical  Society;  Royal  Institution, Liverpool. 

Liverpool  School  of  Tropical  Medicine  ;  Exchange  Buildings, 
Liverpool. 

London  Institution  ;  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G. 
London  Library;   12  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 
Longstaff,  G-.  B.,  M.D. ;  Highlands,  Putney  Heath,  S.W. 
Los  Angeles  Public  Librai-y  ;   California,  U.S.A. 
Lyoii  Uiiiversite  Bibliotheque  ;  Lyons,  France. 

Mclntosh,  W.  Carmichael,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.L.&E.,  F.L.S., 
Professor  of  Natural  History,  University  of  St.  Andrews ; 
2  Abbotsford  Crescent,  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 

McMillan,  William    Singer,    F.L.S. ;      Ardenholm,    Maghvll, 

Liverpool. 
Magdalen  College ;  Oxford. 

Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society ;  36  George 
Street,  Manchester. 

Manchester    Microscopical    Society  ;     26     Grosvenor    Road, 

Whalley  Range,  Manchester. 

Manchester  Public  Free  Libraries;  Manchester. 
Marlborough  College  Natural  History  Society;  MarlborougJi. 
Massey,  W.  H. ;   Twyford,  E.S.O.,  Berks. 

Meiklejohn,  J.  W.  S.,  M.D.,  F.L.S. ;  105  Holland  Road, 
Kensington,  W. 

Melbourne  Public  Library  ;  Melbourne,  Australia. 

Mennell,  H.  T.,  F.L.S.  ;  10  St.  Dunstan's  Buildings,  Great 
Tower  Street,  E.G. 

Michael,  Albert  D.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  F.R.H.S.,  YICE- 
PEESIDENT;  The  Warren,  Studland,  Warehatn. 

Middlesbrough  Free  Libraries;  Middlesbrough. 
Mitchell  Library;  21  Miller  Street,  Glasgow. 
Moore,  H. ;   12  Whiston  Grove,  Rotherham. 
Morgan,  Ralph  ;  9  Clifton  Hill,  Exeter. 


10 


LIST   OF   THE    BAY   SOCIETY. 


Munich  Royal  Library ;  Munich,  Germany. 

Murray,    James;     Challenger    Office,    Villa    Medusa,    Boswell 

Road,  Edinburgh;   and  Ardoch  Nerston,   East  Kilbride, 

N.B. 

Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  ;  Paris. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne    Literary    and    Philosophical    Society ; 
Westgate  Road,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne    Natural    History    Society ;    Museum, 
Barras  Bridge,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne  Public  Library;  Neu:castle-upon-Tyne. 

New   South   Wales,   Public   Library  of;    Sydney,  New  South 
Wales. 

New  South  Wales,  Royal  Society  of;   Sydney,  N.S.W. 
Newstead,  Robert,  A.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  Hon.F.R.H.S. ;   School  of 

Tropical  Medicine,  The  Uni remit y,  Liverpool. 
New  York  Botanical  Garden;  Bronx  Park,  New    York  City, 

N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

New  York  Public  Library;  New  York,  U.S.A. 

New  York  State  Library;  Albany,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

Noble,    Sir    Andrew,   K.C.B.,   F.R.S. ;  Jesmond  Dene  House, 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Norfolk  and  Norwich  Library;  Norwich. 
Norman,  The  Rev.  A.  Merle,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 

F.L.S.,  Hon.    Canon   of   Durham,   VICE-PRESIDENT  ;    The 

Red  House,  Berkhamsted. 
Norwich  Free  Library;  Norwich. 
Nottingham  Free  Public  Libraries;  Nottingham. 

OKamura,  Prof.  K. ;  67  Tansu-machi,  Azabu,  Tokyo,  Japan. 
Ontario  Agricultural  College  ;   Guelph,  Canada. 
Otago,  University  of  ;  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 
Owens  College  (Christie  Library)  ;  Manchester. 

Paisley  Philosophical  Institution;  3  County  Place,  Paisley. 
Peabody  Institute;  Baltimore,  Mart/land,  U.S.A. 
Perthshire  Society  of  Natural  Science;   Toy  Street,  Perth. 

Phene,  J.  S.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A. ;  5  Carlton  Terrace,  Oakley  Street, 
S.W. 

Philadelphia    Academy  of   Natural    Sciences;    Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  U.S.A. 


LIST   OF   THE   BAY    SOCIETY.  1J 

Pickard-Cambridge,  The  Rev.   0.,  M.A.,  F.R.S. ;  Bloxworth 

Rectory,  Wareham. 

Plowman,  T. ;  Nystuen  Lodge,  Bycullah  Park,  Enfield. 
Plymouth  Institution;  Atheneeum,  Plymouth. 
Porter,  R.  H. ;   7  Princes  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W. 
Portsmouth  Free  Public  Library  ;   Toivn  Hall,  Portsmouth. 

Poultoii,  Edward  B.,  M.A.,  Sc.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S., 
F.G.S.,  F.E.S.,  Hope  Professor  of  Zoology,  University  of 
Oxford;  Wykeham  House,  Oxford. 

Power,  Henry/  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.L.S  ,  F.Z.S. ;  Bagdale  Hall, 

Whitby. 

Preston  Free  Public  Libraries  and  Museum;  Preston. 

Pye-Smitli,  P.  H.,   M.D.,  B.A.,  F.R.C.P.,  F.R.S.;    48  Brook 

Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W. 

Quaritch,  Bernard;   15,  Piccadilly,  W. 

Queen's  College  ;  Belfast. 

Queen's  College ;  Cork. 

Quekett  Microscopical  Club  ;  20  Hanover  Square,  W. 

Radcliffe  Library ;  Museum,  Oxford. 

Rashleigh,  Evelyn  William ;   StoTteton,  Salt  ash,  Cornwall. 

Ripon,  The  Most  Hon.  the  Marquis  of,K.G.,  K.C.S.I.,  D.C.L., 

F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.Z.S. ;   9  Chelsea  Embankment, 

S.W.,  and  Studley  Royal,  Ripon. 

Rotherham  Naturalists'  Society  ;  Rotherham. 

Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  Amsterdam. 

Royal  Academy  of  Sciences ;  Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Royal  College  of  Science;  Dublin. 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain ;  Albemarle  Street,  W. 

Royal  Microscopical  Society ;  20  Hanover  Square,  W. 

Royal  Society  ;  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  W. 

St.  Albans  Public  Library ;   St.  AJbans. 

St.  Andrews  University  Library  ;  St.  Andrews,  N.B. 

St.  Catharine's  College  ;   Cambridge. 

Salford  Free  Museum  and  Libraries ;  Peel  Park,  Salford, 
Manchester. 

Salisbury  Microscopical  Society ;  14  Wyndham  Terrace, 
Salisbury. 


12  LIST    OP    THE    RAY    SOCIETY. 

Scharff,    R.   F.,  Ph.D.,   B.Sc.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.;  Tudor  House, 
Dundrum,  R.S.O.,  co.  Dublin. 

Sears,  R.  S.  Wilson ;   1  Lisson  Grove,  Marylebone,  N.W. 
Sheffield  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  ;  Leopold  Street, 

Sheffield. 
Schmidle,  Prof.  W.,  Seminar-Director;  Meersburg-on-Bodensee, 

Baden,  Germany. 

Schmidt,   Max,  Ph.D. ;     Weg   beim  Tdger,  Gross  Borstel,  bei 
Hamburg. 

Scottish,  Royal,  Museum  ;  Edinburgh. 
Sidney-Sussex  College ;   Cambridge. 
Sion  College  Library;    Victoria  Embankment,  E.G. 
Soar,  C.  D. ;  37  Drybnrgh  Road,  Putney,  S.W. 
Somersetshire  Archaeological  and  Natural  History   Society ; 
The  Castle,  Taunton. 

Southport  Free  Library ;   Southport. 

Spicer,    Henry,    B.A.,    F.L.S.,    F.G.S.;     14    Aberdeen   Park, 

Highbury,  N. 

Sprague,    T.    B.,    M.A.,    LL.D. ;    29    Buckingham    Terrace, 
Edinburgh. 

Stazione  Zoologica  ;  Naples. 

Stechert,  G.  E. ;  2  Star  Yard,  Carey  Street,  W.C. 

Stoke  Newington  Public  Libraries ;   Church  Street,  N. 

Storey,  J.  E. ;  26  Grosvenor  Road,  Whalley  Range,  Manchester. 

Stubbins,  J. ;    Woodlands,  Pool,  Leeds. 

Sunderland   Library   and  Literary   Society ;    Fawcett  Street, 
Sunderland. 

Terry,  Charles;  Foxhill  Grove,  Bath. 
Toronto,  University  of  ;    Toronto,  Canada. 

Torquay  Natural  History  Society  ;  Museum,  Babbacombe  Road, 
Torquay. 

Town,  Miss;  4  The  Birklands,  Babbacombe  Road,  Torquay. 

Trinity  College  ;   Cambridge. 

Trinity  College  ;  Dublin. 

Trondhjem,  Royal  Library  of;   Trondhjem,  Norway. 

Tunstall,  Wilmot,  F.E.S. ;   Caerleon,  Greenlaw  Drive,  Paisley, 
N.B. 

University  College,  London ;   Gower  Street,  W.C. 
Upsala  University  Library  ;    Upsala,  Sweden. 


LIST    OF    THE    BAY    SOCIETY.  13 

Victoria  Institute  ;    Worcester. 

Walker,  Alfred  0.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S. ;    Ulcombe  Place,  Maidstone. 
Walsingham,   The    Right  Hon.  Lord,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 

F.L.S.,    F.Z.S.,    F.E.S.,   VICE-PRESIDENT  ;    Merton   Hall, 

Thetford. 

Warrington  Municipal  Museum  ;    Warrington. 
Warwickshire  Natural  History  and  Archaeological  Society ; 
Cliff  Hill,  Warwick. 

Watzlaff,  Emil ;  98  Sandy  Lane,  Chorlton-cum- Hardy,  Man- 
chester, and  28  Deansgate  Arcade. 

Weg,  Max  ;   1,  Leplaystrass,  Leipzig. 

Wesley,  E.  F.,  A.K.C.;  28  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

West  Kent  Natural  History  Society ;  42  Shooter's  Hill  Road, 
Blackheath,  S.E. 

Whittle,  F.  G. ;  3  Marine  Avenue,  Southend-on-Sea. 
Wickes,  W.  D.,  F.L.S. ;  20  Warrior  Square,  South  end-on- Sea. 
Wood,  J.  H.,  M.B. ;   Tarrington,  Ledbury. 
Woodd-Smith,  Miss  B.  M.;  17  Langland  Gardens,  Hampstead, 

N.W. 

Yale  University  Library ;  New  Haven,  U.S.A. 
Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society;  Museum,  York. 

Zoological  Society  of  London ;  3  Hanover  Square,  W. 


The  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh ;  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford ;  the 
British  Museiim ;  Cambridge  University  Library ;  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  entered  in  the  List,  receive  the  Society's  publications  in  accordance 
with  the  Copyright  Act. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 

(Beyond  the  limits  of  the  London  Postal  District.) 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

ENGLAND. 

BERKSHIRE. 

Ascot — Hooker,  Sir  J.  D.  Wellington    College — FitzG-erald, 

Newbury  —  Blackburne  -  Maze,  Rev.  H.  P. 

W.  P.  Windsor — Bereiis,  A.  A. 
Twyford— Massey,  W.  H. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 

Slough — Beiitley,  E. 
CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 

Cambridge — Downing  College.  Cambridge — Sidney- Sussex    Col- 
Harmer,  Dr.  S.  P.  lege. 

-  Philosophical  Library.  -  Trinity  College. 
St.  Catherine's  College.               —  University  Library. 

CHESHIRE. 

Chester — Society      of      Natural     Northivich — Hewitt,  D.  B. 
Science. 

CORNWALL. 

Saltash — Eashleigh,  E.  W.  Truro — E.  Inst.  of  Cornwall. 

DERBYSHIRE. 

Chatsworth — Devonshire,     Duke     Derby  -  -  Free       Library       and 
of.  Museum. 

DEVONSHIRE. 

Exeter — Brokenshire,  F.  E.  Plymouth — Crawshay,  L.  E. 

Morgan,  E.  -  Lemann,  F.  C. 

Lynmouth — Briggs,  C.  A.  -  Plymouth  Institution. 

-  Briggs,  T.  H.  Tavistock— Freeman,  F.  F. 
Newton  Abbot — Bourne,  T.  W.        Torquay — Natural     History    So- 
ciety. 

DORSETSHIRE. 

Lyme  Regis — Lister,  A.  Wareham — Pickard  -  Cambridge, 

Wareham — Michael,  A.  D.  Eev.  O.  P. 

DURHAM. 
Sunderland — Library  and  Literary  Society. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 


15 


ESSEX. 

Colchester — Laver,  H.  Southend — Wiekes,  W.  D. 

Romford — Hope,  Gr.  Stanford  -  le  -  Hope  -  -  Burrows, 

Saffron  Walden— Gibson,  Miss.  Rev.  C.  E.  N. 

Southend — Whittle,  F.  GK  Wood/ord — Harrison,  A. 

GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 

Bristol — Museum.  Cheltenham  —  Natural     Science 

-  Naturalists'  Society.  Society. 

-  Public  Library. 

HAMPSHIRE. 
Bournemouth — Carlyon,  T.  A.         Portsmouth — Free  Public  Library. 

HEREFORDSHIRE. 
Ledbury — Wood,  J.  H. 

HERTFORDSHIRE. 
Berkhamsted  -  -  Norman,      Eev.      Waltham  Cross — Bowles,  E.  A. 

A.  M.  Ware— Croft,  R.  B. 

Hertford — Haileybury  College.         Watford — Hertfordshire  Natural 
St.  Albans — Gfibbs,  A.  E.  History  Society. 

-  Herts  County  Museum.  Hopkinson,  J. 

-  Public  Library. 

KENT. 

Bromley — Naturalists'  Society.        Farnborough — Avebury,  Lord. 
Canterbury — East  Kent  Natural     Folkestone — Free  Public  Library 

History  Society.  and  Museum. 

Eltham — Jones,  A.  H.  Maid-stone — Walker,  A.  O. 


LANCASHIRE. 


B  arrow-in- Furness —  Public  Lib- 
rary. 

Garstang — Brockholes,  Mrs.  F.  J. 
Liverpool — Bootle  Free  Library. 

-  Free  Public  Libraries. 

-  Liverpool  Athenaeum. 
Macmillan,  W.  S. 

-  Microscopical  Society. 

-  Newstead,  R. 

School  of  Tropical  Medi- 


So- 


cine. 

Manchester — Chapman,  E. 
Literary     and     Philoso- 


phical Society. 


Manchester — Microscopical 
ciety. 

•/ 

-  Owens  College. 

-  Public  Free  Libraries. 

-  Salford     Free     Museum 

and  Libraries. 

-  Storey,  J.  E. 
-  Watzlaff,  E. 

Preston — Free  Public   Libraries 

and  Museum. 
St.  Helens— Cotton,  J. 
Southport — Free  Library . 
Warrington  -  -  Municipal 

seum. 


Mu- 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 
Leicester — Free  Public  Library. 

*• 

MIDDLESEX. 
Enfield — Plowman,  T. 


16  GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 

NORFOLK. 
Norwich — Foster,  C.  Norwich — Free  Library. 

—  Norfolk      and     Norwich    Thetford — Walsingham,  Lord. 
Library. 

•/ 

NORTHUMBERLAND. 

Corbridge — Lebour,  Miss  M.  V.       Newcastle- upon -Tyne  --  Noble, 
Newcastle  -  upon  -  Tyne  -  -  Arm-  Sir  A. 

strong  College.  -  Northumberland       and 

-  Literary  and  Philosophi-          Durham  Natural  History  So- 
cal  Society.  ciety. 

-  Public  Library. 

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 

Nottingham — Free  Public  Libraries. 

OXFORDSHIRE. 

Oxford — Bodleian  Library.  Oxford — Poulton,  Prof.  E.  B. 
Magdalen  College.  —  Eadcliffe  Library. 

SOMERSETSHIRE. 
Taunton — Somersetshire  Natural  History  Society. 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

Stone — Bostock,  E.  D. 

SURREY. 

Croydon — Dickinson,  W.  Godalming — Eastwood,  J.  E. 
Public  Libraries.                   Beigate — Chapman,  Dr.  T.  A. 

SUSSEX. 

Bognor— Fletcher,  W.  H.  B.  Hastings— Butterfield,  W.  E. 

Brighton — Natural  History    So-  Horsham — Grodman,  Dr.  F.  D. 

ciety.  Pulborough — Harley,  Dr.  J. 
Hastings — Bloomfield,  Eev.  E .  N. 

WARWICKSHIRE. 
Birmingham  -  -  Bethune -  Baker,     Birmingham — Kenrick,  Gf.  H. 

Gr.  T.  Warwick— Natural  History    So- 

-  Free  Libraries.  ciety. 

WESTMORELAND. 
Windermere — Grannett,  F.  W. 

WILTSHIRE. 

Maryborough — College      Natural     Salisbury  -  -  Microscopical      So- 
History  Society.  ciety. 

WORCESTERSHIRE. 

Worcester — Victoria  Institute. 

YORKSHIRE. 

Bradford — -Natural  History  and     Halifax — Public  Library. 

Microscopical  Society.  Huddersfield  -  -  Naturalist     and 

Halifax — Fielding,  C.  Photographic  Society. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY.  17 

YORKSHIRE — continued. 

HuU—  Public  Libraries.  Sheffield— Brady,  Dr.  G.  S. 

Leeds — G-ascoigne,  Major  F.  -  Eliot,  Sir  C. 

-  Philosophical  Society.  -  Literary  and  Philosophi- 

-  Public  Free  Libraries.  cal  Society. 

-  Stubbing,  J.  Tadcaster — Ash,  Eev.  C.  D. 

-  University  Library.  Wakefield — Binks,  Mrs.  I. 
Middlesbrough — Free  Libraries.  Whitby — Power,  H. 

Ripon — Ripon,  Marquis  of.  York — Yorkshire    Philosophical 

Rotherham — Moore,  H.  Society. 

-  Naturalists'  Society. 

WALES. 

CARMARTHENSHIRE. 
Llandovery — Knight,  H.  H. 

GLAMORGANSHIRE. 
Cardiff — Free  Libraries . 

MONTGOMERYSHIRE. 
Machynlleth — Campbell,  F.  M. 

SCOTLAND. 

ABERDEENSHIRE. 
Aberdeen — University  Library. 

AYRSHIRE. 

KilmarnocJc — Public  Library  and  Museum. 
EDINBURGHSHIRE. 

Edinburgh — Advocates'  Library.  Edinburgh — Royal  Scottish  Mu- 

-  Crawford,  W.  C.  seum. 

-  Davies,  Dr.  A.  E.  -  Royal  Society. 

-  Murray,  J.  -  Sprague,  Dr.  T.  B. 

-  Public  Library.  -  University  Library. 

FIFESHIRE. 

St.  Andrews  —  Mclntosh,    Prof.     St.  Andrews — University         Li- 
W.  C.  brary. 

HADDINGTONSHIRE. 
PrestonJeirk — Buchaii-Hepburn,  Sir  A. 

KlNCARDINESHIRE. 

Banchory — Lethbridge,  A.  Y. 

LANARKSHIRE. 

East  Kilbride — Murray,  J.  Glasgow — Natural  History  Soc. 

Glasgow — Clelaiid,  Prof.  J.  Royal  Philosophical  Soc. 

Mitchell  Library.  University  Library. 


18  GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 

PERTHSHIRE. 

Perth — Perthshire  Society  of  Natural  Science. 
RENFREWSHIRE. 

Paisley  —  Philosophical  Institu-     Paisley — Tunstall,  W. 
tion. 

IRELAND. 

ANTRIM. 
Belfast — Belfast  Library.  Belfast — Queen's  College. 

CORK. 

Cork — Queen's  College. 
DUBLIN. 

Dublin — King's  Inn  Library.  Dublin — Royal  Dublin  Society. 

-  National  Library  of  Ire-  -  Royal  Irish  Academy. 

land.  Trinity  College. 

-  Royal  College  of  Science.     Dundrum — Scharff,  Dr.  R.  F. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS. 
Guernsey — Guille-Alles  Library. 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS. 

AFRICA,  SOUTH. 

CAPE  COLONY. 
Grahamstown — Albany  Museum . 

AUSTRALIA. 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 
Sydney — Australian  Museum.          Sydney — Royal  Society  of  New 

Public  Library  of   New         South  Wales. 

South  Wales. 

SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 
Adelaide — Public  Library . 

VICTORIA. 
Melbourne — Hardy,  A.  D.  Melbourne — Public  Library. 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 
South  Perth— Giles,  H.  M. 

CANADA. 

ONTARIO. 

Guelph  —  Ontario    Agricultural     Toronto — University. 
College. 

CEYLON. 

Peradeniya — Green,  E.  E. 


GEOGEAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY.  19 

INDIA. 

Calcutta — G-eological  Survey  of  India. 

NEW  ZEALAND. 

Christchurch — Philosophical  In-     Dunedin — University  of  Otago. 
stitution  of  Canterbury. 

FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

AMEEICA,  UNITED  STATES  OF. 

CALIFORNIA. 
Los  Angeles — -Public  Library. 

COLUMBIA,  DISTRICT   OF. 
Washington — Library  of  Congress. 

ILLINOIS. 

Chicago — John  Crerer  Library.        Chicago — University  Library. 
—  Public  Library. 

MARYLAND. 

Baltimore — Peabody  Institute . 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boston — Public  Library.  Cambridge — Harvard  Museum  of 

-  Society  of  Natural  His-         Comparative  Zoology, 
tory. 

MICHIGAN. 

Detroit — Public  Library. 

NEW  HAVEN. 

Yale — University  Library . 

NEW  YORK. 

Albany — NewYork  State  Library.     Ithaca — Cornell  University. 
Buffalo — Grosvenor  Public  Lib-     New  York — Botanical  Garden . 
rary.  -  Public  Library. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia — Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

AUSTEIA. 

Vienna — G-erold  and  Co. 

BELGIUM. 

Brussels — National  Library. 

FKANCE. 

Lyons — Lyon  Universite  Biblio-     Paris — Institut  de  France. 

theque.  Museum  d'Histoire  Na- 

Paris — Bibliotheque  Nationale.  turelle. 


20  GEOGRAPHICAL    LIST    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 

GERMANY. 

Baden— Schniidle,  Prof.  W.  Frankfort— Baer  &  Co. 

Berlin — Dames,  F.  L.  Gottingen — University  Library. 

-  Friedlander  &  Solin.  Hamburg — Schmidt,  Dr.  M 

-  Junk,  W.  Heidelberg — University  Library. 

-  Royal  Library.  Kiel — University  Library. 

-  RoyalZoologicalMuseum.  Leipzig — Weg,  M. 
Breslau — University  Library.  Munich — Royal  Library. 

ITALY. 
Naples— Stazione  Zoologica. 

JAPAN. 
Tokyo — OKamura,  Prof.  K. 

NETHERLANDS. 
Amsterdam — Royal  Academy  of  Sciences. 

NORWAY. 

Bergen — Museums  Bibliotek.  Trondhjem — Royal  Library. 

Ch  ristiana — University. 

SWEDEN. 

Stockholm  —  Royal  Academy  of     U-psala — University  Library. 
Sciences. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Berne — Natural  History  Museum. 


LIST    OF    THE    PUBLICATIONS 


OP    THE 


BAY    SOCIETY, 


For  the  First  Year,  1844. 

1.  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  Zoology  and  Botany,  1841, 
1842.     viii  +  496  +  xx  pp.     8vo.     1845. 

The  State  of  Zoology  in  Europe,  as  regards  the  Vertebrata.  By 
C.  L.  BONAPARTE.  Transl.  by  H.  E.  STRICKLAND,  pp.  1-44. 

The  Progress  of  Zoology  in  1842.  Transl.  from  the  German  by  W.  B. 
MACDONALD.  pp.  1-348. 

The  Progress  of  Physiological  Botany  in  1841.  By  H.  F.  LINK. 
Transl.  by  EDWIN  LANKESTER.  pp.  1-104.  Index,  pp.  i-xx. 

2.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  I.     x  +  20pp., 
10  plates.     Folio.     1845. 

3.  Memorials  of  JOHN  RAY,  consisting  of  his  Life  by  Dr. 
DERHAM  ;   .  .   .  with  his   Itineraries,   etc.     Edited  by  EDWIN 
LANKESTER.     xii  +  220  pp.     8vo.     1846. 

For  the  Second  Year,  1845. 

4.  On  the  Alternation  of  Generations.     By  J.  J.  S.  STEEN- 
STRUP.     Transl.  from  the  German  version  of  C.  H.  LORENZEN 
by  GEORGE  BUSK,     viii  +  132  pp.,  3  plates.     8vo.     1845. 

5.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  II.     iv  +  34 
pp.,  13  plates.     Folio.     1846. 

6.  Reports  and  Papers  on  Botany,     viii  +  494  pp.,  7  plates. 
8vo.     1846. 

On  the  Morphology  of  the  Coniferse.  By  J.  J.  ZUCCARINI.  Transl. 
by  GEORGE  BUSK.  pp.  1-54,  441-444,  pis.  i-v. 

Report  on  Botanical  Geography,  1842.  By  A.  GRISEBACH.  Transl. 
by  W.  B.  MACDONALD.  pp.  55-212. 

Memoir  on  the  Nuclei,  Formation,  and  Growth  of  Vegetable  Cells. 
By  CARL  NAGELI.  Transl.  by  ARTHUR  HUNFREY.  pp.  213-292,  445- 
459,  pis.  vi.  vii. 

Report  on  Physiological  Botany,  1842  and  1843.  By  H.  F.  LINK. 
Transl.  by  J.  HUDSON.'  pp.  293-440.  Index  pp.  461-494. 


22  PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    BAY    SOCIETY. 

For  the  third  Year,  184G. 

7.  Outlines    of    the   Geography   of  Plants.       By  F.   J.    F. 
MEYEN.     Transl.  by   MARGARET  JOHNSTON,     x  -f   422  pp.,    1 
plate.     8vo.     1846. 

8.  The  Organization  of  Trilobites.  By  HERMANN  BURMEISTEE. 
Edited  by  THOMAS  BELL  and  EDWABD  FORBES,     xii  +  136  pp., 
6  plates.     Folio.     1846. 

9.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  III.     iv  +  30 
pp.,  12  plates.     Folio.     1847. 

For  the  Fourth  Year,  1847. 

10.  Elements  of  Physiophilosophy.    By  LORENZ  OKEN.     From 
the  German  by  ALFRED  TULK.     xx  +  666  pp.     8vo.     1847. 

11.  Reports   on  Zoology  for  1843,  1844.     Transl.  from  the 
German  by  GEORGE  BUSK,  ALFRED  TULK,  and  A.  H.  HALIDAY. 
viii  +  596  pp.     8vo.     1847. 

Progress  of  Zoology  in  1843.     pp.  1-232. 

1844.     pp.  233-564. 
Index,  pp.  565-596. 

12.  A  Monograph  of:  the  British  Naked-eyed  Medusa?.     By 
EDWARD  FORBES,     viii  -f  104  pp.,  13  plates.     Folio.     1848. 

For  the  Fifth  Year,  1848. 

13.  Bibliographia  Zoologiae  et  Geologiae.     A  General  Cata- 
logue  of  all  Books,  Tracts,   and    Memoirs    on  Zoology   and 
Geology.     By  Louis  AGASSIZ.     Edited  by  H.  E.  STRICKLAND. 
Yol.    I.       Periodicals,    and    A-B.       xxvi    +   506    pp.       8vo. 
1848. 

14.  The  Correspondence   of  JOHN    RAY.      Edited  by  EDWIN 
LANKESTER.     xvi  +  502  pp.,  2  plates.     8vo.     1848. 

15.  A  Monograph   of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDEK  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  IY.     iv   + 
28  pp.,  12  plates.     Folio.     1848. 

For  the  Sixth  Year,  1849. 

16.  Reports    and  Papers   on    Botany.       Edited  by    ARTHUR 
HENFREY.     viii  +  514  pp.,  3  plates.     8vo.     1849. 

On  the  Structure  of  the  Palm-stem.  By  H.  VON  MOHL.  pp.  1-92, 
495,  pi.  i. 

On  the  Nuclei,  Formation,  and  Growth  of  Vegetable  Cells.  By  CARL 
NAGELI.  Part  II.  pp.  93-158,  495-502,  pis.  ii,  iii. 

On  the  Utricular  Structures  in  the  Contents  of  Cells.  By  CARL 
NAGELI.  pp.  159-190. 

Report  on  Physiological  Botany  for  1844  and  1845.  By  H.  T.  LINK. 
pp.  191-314. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY.  23 

Report  on  Geographical  Botany  for  1844.  By  A.  GRISEBACH.  pp. 
315-414. 

Report  on  Geographical  and  Systematic  Botany  for  1845.  By  A. 
GRISEBACH.  pp.  415-494. 

17.  The  Natural  History  of  the  British  Entomostraca.     By 
VV.  BAIRD.     viii  +  364  pp.,  36  plates.     8vo.     1850. 

For  the  Seventh  Year,  1850. 

18.  Bibliographia  Zoologize  et  G-eologise.     A  General  Cata- 
logue   of    all    Books,   Tracts,  and   Memoirs  on   Zoology   and 
Geology.     By  Louis  AGASSI z.     Edited  by  H.  E.  STRICKLAND. 
Vol.  11.     C-F.     iv  +  492  pp.     8vo.     1850. 

19.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  V.     iv  +  62 
pp.,  16  plates.     Folio.     1851. 

For  the  Eighth  Year,  1851. 

20.  The  British  Species  of  Angiocarpous  Lichens,  elucidated 
by  their  Sporidia.     By  the  Eev.  W.  A.  LEIGHTOF.     vi  +  102 
pp.,  30  plates.     8vo.     1851. 

21.  A  Monograph  of  the  Sub-class  Cirripedia.     By  CHARLES 
DARWIN.       The  Lepadidee,  or  Pedunculated  Cirripedes.     xii  + 
400  pp.,  10  plates.     8vo.     1851. 

For  the  Ninth  Year,  1852. 

22.  Bibliographia  Zoologia?  et  Geologias.     A  General  Cata- 
logue  of    all  Books,  Tracts,    and    Memoirs  on    Zoology  and 
Geology.     By  Louis  AGASSIZ.     Edited  by  H.  E.  STRICKLAND. 
Vol.  III.     G-M.     vi  +  658  pp.     Svo.     1852. 

23.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibraiichiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  VI.     iv  4   62 
pp.,  12  plates.     Folio.     1852. 

For  the  Tenth  Year,  1853. 

24.  Botanical  and  Physiological  Memoirs.    Edited  by  ARTHUR 
HENFREY.     xvi  +  568  pp.,  6  plates.     8vo.     1853. 

The  Phenomenon  of  Rejuvenescence  in  Nature.  By  ALEXANDER 
BRAUN.  pp.  vii-xxvi,  1-342,  pis.  i-v. 

The  Animal  Nature  of  Diatomese.     By  G.  MENIGHINI.     pp.  343-514. 

The  Natural  History  of  Protococcus  pluvialis.  By  FERDINAND  COHN. 
pp.  515-564,  pi.  vi. 

25.  A  Monograph  of  the  Sub-class  Cirripedia.     By  CHARLES 
DARWIN.     The  Balanidas,  the  Verrucidee,  etc.     viii  +  684  pp., 
30  plates.     8vo.     1854. 


24  PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY. 

For  the  Eleventh  Year.  1854. 

26.  Bibliographia  Zoologige  et  Geologias.     A  General  Cata- 
logue  of    all    Books,   Tracts,   and    Memoirs  on  Zoology  and 
Geology.     By  Louis  AGASSIZ.     Edited  by  H.  E.  STRICKLAND. 
Vol.  IV.     N-Z.     vi  +  604  pp.     8vo.     1854. 

For  the  Twelfth  Year,  1855. 

27.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Nudibranchiate  Mollusca. 
By  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Part  VII.     vi  -f  54 
+  40  +  xlvi  pp.,  9  plates.     Folio.     1855. 

For  the  Thirteenth  Year,  1856. 

28.  A  Monograph  of  the  Fresh-water  Polyzoa,  including  all 
the  known   species,   both  British   and  Foreign.     By  GEORGE 
JAMES  ALLMAN.     viii  +  122  +  22  pp.,  11  plates.     Folio.     1856 

[1857]. 

For  the  Fourteenth  Year,  1857. 

29.  The  Recent  Foraminifera  of  Great  Britain.     By  WILLIAM 
CRAWFORD  WILLIAMSON.      xx    +    108  pp.,    7    plates.      Folio. 
1858. 

For  the  Fifteenth  Year,  1858. 

30.  The  Oceanic    Uydrozoa;    a   Description   of   the  Calyco- 
phoridae  and  Physophoridse.   .  .  .    By  THOMAS  HENRY  HUXLEY. 
x  +  144  +  24  pp.,  12  plates.     Folio.     1859. 

For  the  Sixteenth  Year,  1859. 

31.  A  History  of  the  Spiders  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
By  JOHN   BLACKWALL.       [Part  I.]      vi    +    174    +    24  pp.,   12 
plates.     Folio.     1861. 

For  the  Seventeenth  Year,  1860. 

32.  Introduction  to    the    Study    of    the    Foraminifera.     By 
WILLIAM  B.  CARPENTER,  assisted  by  WILLIAM  K.  PARKER  and 
T.  RUPERT  JONES,     xxii  +  320    +   44  pp.,  22  plates.     Folio. 
1862. 

For  the  Eighteenth  Year,  1861. 

33.  On  the  Germination,  Development,  and  Fructification  of 
the   Higher   Cryptogamia,   and  on  the   Fructification   of  the 
Coniferte.     By  WILHELM  HOFMEISTER.     Transl.  by  FREDERICK 
CURREY.     xviii  +  506  pp.,  65  plates.     8vo.      1862. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY.  25 

For  the  Nineteenth  Year,  1862. 

34.  A  History  of  the  Spiders  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland- 
By  JOHN  BLACKWALL.      Part  II.      iv  4-  210  (175-384)  +  34 
pp.,  17  plates.     Folio.     1864. 

For  the  Twentieth  Year,  1863. 

35.  The    Reptiles   of    British  India.     By  ALBERT    C.    L.   CI. 
G-UNTHEE.     xxviii  +  452  pp.,,  26  plates.     Folio.     1864. 

For  the  Twenty-first  Year,  1864. 

36.  A    Monograph    of    the    British    Spongiadse.     By    J.    S. 
BOWEKBANK.     Vol.  I.     xx  +  290  pp.,  37  plates.     8vo.     1864. 

For  the  Twenty-second  Year,  1865. 

37.  The  British  Hemiptera.    Vol.  I.     Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 
By  JOHN  WILLIAM  DOUGLAS  and  JOHN  SCOTT,      xii  +  628  + 
42  pp.,  21  plates.     8vo.     1865. 

38.  A    Monograph    of    the   British    Spongiadse.      By    J.   S. 
BOWERBANK.     Vol.  II.     xx  +  388  pp.     8vo.     1866. 

For  the  Twenty-third  Year,  1866. 

39.  The  Miscellaneous  Botanical  Works  of  ROBERT  BKOWN. 
[Edited  by  JOHN   J.   BENNETT.]      Vol.  I,   containing   I,   Geo- 
graphico-botanical,    and    II,     Structural    and    Physiological 
Memoirs,     viii  +  612pp.     8vo.     1866. 

40.  Recent   Memoirs  on  the  Cetacea.     Edited  by  WILLIAM 
HENRY  FLOWER,     xii  +  312  pp.,  6  plates.     Folio.     1866. 

I.  On    the    Greenland    Rig-ht-Whale.       By    D.    F.    ESCHRICHT   and 
J.  EEINHABDT.     pp.  1-150,  pis.  i-vi. 

II.  On  the  Species  of  the  Genus  Orca  inhabiting  the  Northern  Seas. 
By  D.  F.  ESCHRICHT.     pp.  151-188. 

III.  Pseudorca  crassidens,  a  Cetacean  hitherto  unknown  in  the  Danish 
Fauna.     By  J.  REINHARDT.     pp.  189-218. 

IV.  Synopsis  of  the  Cretaceous  Mammalia  of  Scandinavia  (Norway 
and  Sweden).     By  W.  LILLJEBORG.     pp.  219-310. 

41.  NITZSCH'S  Pterylography,  translated  from  the  German. 
Edited  by  PHILIP  LUTLEY  SCLATER.     xii  +  182  pp.,  10  plates. 
Folio.     1867. 

For  the  Twenty-fourth  Year,  1867. 

42.  A  Monograph   on  the    Structure  and   Development   of 
the  Shoulder-girdle    and    Sternum    in    the    Vertebrata.     By 
W.  KITCHEN  PARKER,     xii  +  240  +  60  pp.,  30  plates.     Folio. 
1868. 


26  PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    EAY    SOCIETY. 

43.  The  Miscellaneous  Botanical  Works  of  ROBERT  BROWN. 
[Edited   by    JOHN    J.    BENNETT.]      Vol.    II,    containing    III, 
Systematic    Memoirs,  and    IV,  Contributions    to    Systematic 
Works,     viii  +  780  pp.     8vo.     1868. 

For  the  Twenty-fifth  Year,  1868. 

44.  The  Miscellaneous  Botanical  Works  of  ROBERT  BROWN. 
[Edited    by  JOHN  J.  BENNETT.]      Vol.  III.     Atlas  of  Plates, 
iv  +  16  pp.,  38  plates.     Folio.     1868. 

45.  Vegetable  Teratology,  an  Account  of  the  Principal  Devia- 
tions   from    the    Usual    Structure    of    Plants.     By    MAXWELL 
T.  MASTERS.    With  numerous  illustrations  by  E.  M.  WILLIAMS. 
xxxviii  +  534  pages.     8vo.     1869. 

For  the  Tu-^ntij-sixth  Year,  1869. 

46.  A    Monograph    of    the    Gymiioblastic    or    Tubularian 
Hydroids.     By  GEORGE  JAMES  ALLMAN.     Part  I,  the  Hydroida 
in  General,     xxii  +  154  +  24  pp.,  12  plates.     Folio.     1871. 

For  the  Twenty-seventh  Year,  1870. 

47.  A    Monograph    of    the    Gymnoblastic    or    Tubularian 
Hydroids.     By  GEORGE  JAMES  ALLMAN.     Conclusion  of  Part  I, 
and  Part  II,  containing  descriptions  of  the  Genet  a  and  Species 
of  the  Gymnoblastea.     iv  +  2  (xxiii,  xxiv)  +  296  (155-450) 
+  22  pp.,  11  plates  (xiii-xxiii).     Folio.     1872. 

For  the  Twenty-eighth  Year,  1871. 

48.  Monograph  of  the  Collembola  and  Thysanura.     By  Sir 
JOHN  LUBBOCK.     x  +  276  pp.,  78  plates.     8vo.     1873. 

For  the  Twenty-ninth  Year,  1872. 

49.  A    Monograph    of    the    British   Annelids.       By    W.    C. 
MclNTOSH.      Part   I.  The  Nemertians.      xiv  +  96  +  20  pp., 
10  plates.     Folio.     1873. 

For  the  Thirtieth  Year,  1873. 

50.  A    Monograph    of    the    British    Annelids.       By   W.    C. 
MclNTOSH.      Part  I   continued.    The  Nemertians.     iv  +  122 
(97-214,   213  a-d)    +    26  pp.,   13   plates  (xi-xxiii).      Folio. 
1874. 

For  the  Thirty-first  Year,  1874. 

51.  A    Monograph    of    the  British     Spongiadas.     By    J.   S. 
BOWERBANK.     Vol.    III.     xxviii  +  368  pp.,  92  plates.      8vo. 
1874. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    BAY    SOCIETY.  27 

For  the  Thirty-second  Tear,  1875. 

52.  A    Monograph    of    the    British    Aphides.       By    GEORGE 
BOWDLEK  BUCKTON.     Vol.  I.     x   +    194  +   78  pp.,  42  plates 
(A-C,  i-xxxviii,  iv  bis).     8vo.     1876. 

For  the  Thirty-third  Year,  1876. 

53.  A  Monograph  of  the  Free  and  Semi-parasitic  Copepoda 
of  the  British  Islands.     By  G.  STEWARDSON  BRADY.      Vol.  I. 
iv  +  148  +   72  pp.,  36  plates    (1-33,  K)A,  24A,   24e).     8vo. 
1878. 

For  the  Thirty-fourth  Year,  1877. 

54.  A    Monograph    of    the    British    Aphides.     By    GEORGE 
BOWDLER  BOCKTON.     Vol.  II.     iv  +  176  +  100  pp.,  50  plates 
(xxxix-lxxxvi,  li  bis,  Ixix  bis).     8vo.      1879. 

For  the  Thirty-fifth  Year,  1878. 

55.  A  Monograph  of  the  Free  and  Semi-parasitic  Copepoda 
of  the  British  Islands.     By  Gr.  STEWARDSON  BRADY.     Vol.  II. 
iv  +  182  +  98  pp.,  49  plates  (34-82).     8vo.     1880. 

For  the  Thirty-sixth  Year,  1879. 

56.  A  Monograph  of  the  Free  and  Semi-parasitic  Copepoda 
of  the  British  Islands.     By  Gr.  STEWARDSON  BRADY.     Vol.  III. 
iv  +  84  +  22  pp.,  11  plates  (83-93).     8vo.     1880. 

57.  A  Monograph   of  the  British  Spongiadae.     By  the  late 
J.    S.  BOWERBANK.     Vol.  IV   (Supplementary).     Edited,  with 
additions,  by  the  Rev.  A.  M.  NORMAN,     xviii  +  250  +  34  pp., 
17  plates.     8vo.     1882. 

For  the  Thirty-seventh  Year,  1880. 

58.  A   Monograph    of    the    British   Aphides.      By    GEORGE 
BOWDLER  BUCKTON.     Vol.  III.     vi  +  142  +  56  pp.,  28  plates 
(Ixxxvii-cxiv).     8vo.     1881. 

For  the  Thirty-eighth  Year,  1881. 

59.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Phytophagous  Hymenop- 
tera.     By  PETER  CAMERON.     Vol.  I.     viii  +  340  +  42  pp.,  21 
plates.     8vo.     1882. 

For  the  Thirty-ninth  Year,  1882. 

60.  A    Monograph    of    the  British    Aphides.       By    GEORGE 
BOWDLER  BDCKTON.     Vol.  IV.     x  +  228  +  62  pp.,  27  plates 
(D-I,  cxiv  bis,  cxv-cxxxiv).     8vo.     1883. 


28  PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY. 

Fur  flie  Fortieth  Year,  1883. 

61.  British  Oribatidse.     Bv  ALBERT  D.  MICHAEL.     Vol.  I.     xii 
+  336  +  62  pp.,  31  plates "(i-xxiv,  A-Cf).     8vo.     1884. 

For  the  Forty-first  Year,  1884. 

62.  A  Monograph    of    the    British    Phytophagous    Hymen- 
optera.     By  PETER  CAMERON.     Vol.  II.     vi  +  234  +  54  pp., 
27  plates.     8vo.     1885. 

For  the  Forty-second  Year,  1885. 

63.  The  Larvse  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.1.    (The  Butterflies.)     Edited 
by  H.  T.  STAINTON.      xvi  +  202  +  34  pp.,  17  plates.     8vo. 
1886. 

For  the  Forty-third  Year,  1886. 

64.  The  Larva?  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By  the 
late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  II.     (The  Sphinges  or  Hawk- 
moths  and  part  of  the  Bombyces.)      Edited  by  H.  T.  STAINTON. 
xii  +  172  +  36  pp.,  18  plates  (xviii-xxxv).     8vo.     1887. 

For  the  Forty-fourth  Year,  1887. 

65.  British   Oribatidae.     By  ALBERT   D.  MICHAEL.     Vol.   II. 
xii  +  322   (337-658)    +   62  pp.,   31   plates   (xxv-liv,  xlviiA). 
8vo.     1888. 

For  the  Forty-fifth  Year,  1888. 

66.  The  Larvas  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  III.      (The  concluding  por- 
tion of  the  Bombyces.)     Edited  by  H.  T.  STAINTON.     xvi  + 
80  +  36  pp.,  18  plates  (xxxvi-liii).     8vo.     1889. 

For  the  Forty-sixth  Year,  1889. 

67.  A    Monograph    of    the   British    Phytophagous    Hymen- 
optera.     By  PETER  CAMERON.     Vol.  III.     vi  +  274  +  34  pp., 
17  plates.     8vo.     1890. 

For  the  Forty-seventh  Year,  1890. 

68.  The   Larvre  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late   WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  IV.      (The  first  portion  of 
the  Noctua?.)     Edited  by  H.  T.  STAINTON.     xii  +  116  +  32 
pp.,   16  plates  (liv-lxix).     8vo.     1891. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    BAY    SOCIETY.  29 

Fur  the  Forty-eighth  Year,  1891. 

69.  The  Larva?  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.      By 
the  late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  V.      (The  second  portion  of 
the  Noctua?.)      Edited  (in  part)   by  the  late  H.  T.   STAINTON. 
xii  +  90  +  34  pp.,  17  plates  (Ixx-lxxxvi).     Svo.     1893. 

For  the  Forty-ninth  Year,  1892. 

70.  A    Monograph    of    the   British    Phytophagous    Hymen- 
optera.     By  PETER  CAMERON.     Vol.  IV.     vi  +  248  +  38  pp.. 
19  plates.  *  Svo.     1893. 

For  the  Fiftieth  Year,  1893. 

71.  The  Larva?  of  the  British   Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late  WILLIAM   BUCKLER.     Vol.  VI.      (The  third  and  con- 
cluding portion  of  the  Noctuas.)     Edited  by  GKO.  T.  PORRITT. 
xii  +  142  +  38  pp.,  19  plates  (Ixxxvii-cv).     Svo.     1895. 

For  the  Fifty-first  Year,  1894. 

72.  The  Larvas  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  VII.      (The  first  portion  of 
the  Geometras.)     Edited  by  GEO.  T.  PORRITT.     xvi  +  176  + 
44  pp.,  22  plates  (cvi-cxxvii).     8vo.     1897. 

For  the  Fifty-second  Year,  1895. 

e/        </ 

73.  The  Larvas  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By 
the  late    WILLIAM    BUCKLER.     Vol.   VIII.       (The    concluding 
portion    of    the    Geometra?.)       Edited    by    GEO.    T.    PORRITT. 
xii  +  120  +  70  pp.,  20  plates  (cxxviii-cxlvii).     Svo.      1899. 

For  the  Fifty-third  Year,  1896. 

74.  The    Tailless    Batrachians     of     Europe.       By     G.    A. 
BOULENGER,     Part  I.     viii  +  210  pp.,  10  plates.     Svo.     1897. 

Fur  the  Fifty-fourth  Year,  1897. 

75.  The    Tailless    Batrachians     of     Europe.       By     G.    A. 
BOULENGER.       Part   II.      ii  +  166    (211-376)    pp.,  '14    plates 
(xi-xxiv).     Svo.     1898. 

For  the  Fifty-fifth  Year,  1898. 

76.  A    Monograph    of  the  British  Annelids.      By   WILLIAM 
CARMICHAEL  MC!NTOSH.     Part  II.    Polychaeta.    Amphinomiche 
to  Sigalionidae.      x    +    228   (215-442)    +    40  pp.,   20   plates 
(xxiv-xlii,  xxviA).     Folio.      1900. 


30  PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY". 

For  the  Fifty-sixth  Year,  1899. 

77.  The  Larvae  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths.     By  the 
late  WILLIAM  BUCKLER.     Vol.  IX.     (The  Deltoides,  Pyrales, 
Crambites,  Tertrices,  Tinea?,  and    Pterophori.)       Edited   by 
G-EO.  T.  PORRITT.      xviii  +  420  +  34  pp.,  17  plates  (cxlviii- 
clxiv).     8vo.     1901. 

For  the  Fifty-seventh  Tear,  1900. 

78.  Monograph    of   the    Coccidas  of  the  British  Isles.     By 
ROBERT  NEWSTEAD.     Vol.  I.     xii  +  220  +  78  pp  ,  39  plates 
(A-E,  i-xxxiv).     8vo.     1901. 

For  the  Fifty-eighth  Year,  1901. 

79.  British  Tyroglyphidas.     By  ALBERT  D.  MICHAEL.     Vol.  I. 
xvi  +  294  +  44  pp.,  22  plates  (A-C,  i-xix).     8vo.     1901. 

For  the  Fifty-ninth  Year,  1902. 

80.  Monograph  of  the  Coccidas  of   the   British  Isles.     By 
ROBERT  NEWSTEAD.     Vol.  II.     viii  +  270  +  84  pp    42  plates 
(F,  xxxv-lxxv).     8vo.     1903. 

For  the  Sixtieth  Year,  1903. 

81.  British  Tyroglyphidae.   By  ALBERT  D.  MICHAEL.    Vol.  II. 
xii  +  184  +  40  pp.,  20  plates  (xx-xxxix).     8vo.     1903. 

For  the  Sixty-first  Year,  1904. 

82.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Desmidiaceas.     By  W.  WEST 
and  G.  S.  WEST.     Vol.  I.     xxxvi  +  224  +  64  pp.,  32  plates. 
8vo.     1904. 

83.  The  British   Tunicata.     By  the  late  JOSHUA  ALDER  and 
the  late  ALBANY  HANCOCK.     Edited  by  JOHN  HOPKINSON.     Vol. 
I.     With  a  history  of  the  work  by  the  Rev.  A.  M.  NORMAN. 
xvi  +  148  +  40  pp.,  20  plates,  and  frontispiece.     8vo.     1905. 

For  the  Sixty-second  Year,  1905. 

84.  A  Monograph  of  the  British  Desmidiaceas.     By  W.  WEST 
and   G.   S.  WEST.     Vol.  II.      x  +  206  +  64   pp.,  32  plates 
(xxxiii-lxiv).     8vo.     1905. 

85.  The  British  Freshwater  Rhizopoda  and  Heliozoa.     By 
JAMKS    CASH,    assisted   by  JOHN    HOPKINSON.      Vol.    I.      The 
Rhizopoda,   Part  I.       x  +  150  +  32    pp.,    16    plates.       8vo. 
1905. 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    RAY    SOCIETY.  31 

In  Course  of  Publication. 

The  British  Annelids.     By  Prof.  W.  C.  MCINTOSH. 

The  British  Desmidiaceas.  By  W.  WEST  and  Prof.  Cr.  S. 
WEST. 

The  British  Freshwater  Rhizopoda  and  Heliozoa.  By 
JAMES  CASH. 

The  British  Tunicata.  By  the  late  JOSHUA  ALDER  and  the 
late  ALBANY  HANCOCK. 

Preparing  for  Publication. 

The  British  Centipedes  and  Millepedes.  By  WILFRED  MARK 
WEBB. 

The  British  Characeae.     By  HENRY  and  JAMES  GROVES. 

The  British  Copepoda  parasitic  upon  Fishes.  By  Dr. 
THOMAS  SCOTT  and  ANDREW  SCOTT. 

The  British  Ixodoidea.  By  W.  F.  COOPER  and  L.  E. 
ROBINSON. 

The  British  Nndibranchiate  Mollusca.  By  the  late  JOSHUA 
ALDER  and  the  late  ALBANY  HANCOCK.  Part  8.  Edited  by 
Sir  CHARLES  ELIOT. 

The  Earwigs  of  the  World.     By  MALCOLM  BURR. 


PRINTED    BY    ADLARD    AND    SON,    LONDON    AND    DORKINO.